Sales and Inventory System Essay Sample free essay sample

The aim of this chapter is to place cardinal operational steps that may be used to analyze procedure flows. They are linked together utilizing Little’s jurisprudence. We so present a series of illustrations that show how procedure flow analysis may be used to analyze public presentation. The aim is to analyze current public presentation every bit good as identify mark countries for betterment. We will write a custom essay sample on Sales and Inventory System Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page We besides link the operational steps of public presentation to fiscal steps. In a category of 100 proceedingss we start by discoursing the importance of constructing a clip based capableness in today’s competitory environment. We so set up Little’s jurisprudence to put up other operational steps – viz. stock list and throughput that impact flow clip. Several illustrations from the chapter are discussed to do this relationship clear. We so link these operational steps to fiscal steps to place what signifier betterments may take. We so discuss the Kellogg CRU Rental instance to show how such an analysis may be used to place cardinal countries for betterment. 3. 2 Additional Suggested Readings We assign a short instance as auxiliary reading for the analysis of procedure flows. The instance is used to make a thorough analysis of flows and place cardinal drivers of cost and gross in a procedure. This apprehension is so used to place actions that improve public presentation. * â€Å"CRU Computer Rentals† . Kellogg Case. Writer: Sunil Chopra. Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. Kellogg. northwesterly. edu/cases/index. htm. Suggested assignment inquiries are contained in the instance. 3. 3 Solutions to the Chapter Questions Discussion Question 3. 1The antonym of looking at norm is looking at a specific flow unit’s flow clip. and the stock list position and instantaneous flow rate at a specific point in clip. Because flow times change from flow unit to flux unit. it is better to look at the norm over all flow units during a period of clip. Similar for stock list and throughput. Discussion Question 3. 2In pattern. one frequently tracks stock list position sporadically ( each twenty-four hours. hebdomad. or month ) . Flow rate is typically besides tracked sporadically ( even more often than stock list position because it straight relates to gross revenues ) . It so is easy to cipher the norm of those Numberss to obtain mean stock list and throughput during a period. In contrast. few companies track the flow clip of each flow unit. which must be done to cipher the mean flow clip ( over all flow units during a given period ) . Discussion Question 3. 3First. pull a procedure flow chart.Second. cipher all operational flows: throughput. stock list. and flow clip for each activity. Third. cipher the fiscal flow associated with each activity. If the activity incurs a cost ( or earns a gross ) . the cost or gross rate is merely the throughput times the unit cost or gross. If the stock list incurs a keeping cost. the stock list cost rate is merely the mean stock list times the unit keeping cost. Fourth. summing all gross rates and subtracting all cost rates yields the net income rate. straight broken down in footings of the relevant throughputs and stock list Numberss. The latter therefore are the minimum set of operational steps to foretell fiscal public presentation. Discussion Question 3. 4For the section of revenue enhancement ordinances we haveAverage stock list I = 588 undertakings.Throughput R = 300 projects/yr ( we assume a stable system ) . Thus. Average flow clip T = I / R = 588 / 300 = 1. 96 year.This is larger than six months. So we should differ with the section head’s statement. Discussion Question 3. 5If GM and Toyota have same bends. and we know thatbends = 1/flow clip = 1/T.it follows that their norm flow times are the same. We besides know that Toyota’s throughput is twice that of GM. Therefore. from I=RTit follows that Toyota has twice the stock list of GM. Thus. the statements are inconsistent. both companies have the same flowtime but Toyota has higher stock list than GM. Discussion Question 3. 6Yes. low stock lists means few flow units are held in the buffer. In contrast. fast stock list bends means short flow times ; i. e. . flux units do non pass a long clip in the procedure. As such. one can hold high bends with high or low stock lists ( it all depends on what the throughput is ) . Discussion Question 3. 7A short cost-to-cash rhythm means that it does non take long to change over an input into a sold end product. Clearly. this is good because we do non necessitate to finance the input for a long clip before it earns gross ( i. e. . lower working capital demands ) . Short cost-to-cash rhythm requires short flow times. which imply low stock lists ( for a given throughput ) . or high throughput ( for a given stock list ) . Exercise 3. 1 ( Bank )For the bank we haveAverage stock list I = 10 people.Throughput R = 2 people/min ( we assume a stable system ) .Therefore.Average flow clip T = I / R = 10/2 min = 5 min. Exercise 3. 2 ( Fast-Food )For the fast nutrient mercantile establishment we haveAverage stock list I = 10 autos.Throughput rating is as follows: Cars try to come in the thrust through country at a rate of 2 cars/min. However 25 % of autos leave when they see a long waiting line. Therefore. autos enter the thrust through at a flow rate R = 75 % * 2 cars/min = 1. 5 cars/min. Thus Average flow clip T = I / R = 10/1. 5 min =6. 67 min. Exercise 3. 3 ( Checking Histories )For a checking history we haveAverage stock list I = mean balance = $ 3. 000Turns = 6 per twelvemonth.Average flow clip T = 1 / turns = 1/6 twelvemonth = 2 months.ThereforeThroughput R = I / T = 3. 000/2 = $ 1. 500 / month. Exercise 3. 4 ( ER )First pull the flow chart with all the informations given: We assume a stable system. This implies that mean inflow peers mean outflow at every phase. In this instance you are given inventory Numberss I and flux rate R = 55 patients/hr. There are two flow units: ( 1 ) Those that are possible admits: flow rate = 55*10 % = 5. 5/hr. ( 2 ) Those that get a simple prescription: flow rate = 55*90 % = 49. 5/hr. To happen the norm flow times. we use Little’s jurisprudence at each activity for which the flow clip is unknown: ( 1 ) Buffer 1: Roentgen = 55/hr ( both flow units go through at that place ) . I = 7. so that waiting clip in buffer 1 = T = I/R = 7/55 hour = 0. 127 hours = 7. 6 proceedingss. ( 2 ) Registration: flow clip T = 2 min = 2/60 hour. All flow units flow through this phase. Therefore flow rate through this phase is R = 55 / hour. Average stock list at enrollment is given by I = RT = 55*2/60 = 1. 83 patients. ( 3 ) Buffer 2: Roentgen = 55/hr ( both flow units go through at that place ) . I = 34. so that waiting clip in buffer 2 = T = I/R = 34/55 hour = 0. 62 hours = 37. 1 proceedingss. ( 4 ) Doctor clip: depends on the flow unit:4a: possible admits: T = 30 proceedingss4b: prescription folks: T = 5 proceedingss OK. now we have everything to happen the entire norm flow times: happen the critical way for each flow unit. In this instance. each flow unit merely has one way. so that is the critical way. We find its flow clip by adding the activity times on the way: ( a ) For a possible admit. mean flow clip ( buffer 1 + enrollment + buffer 2 + physician ) = 7. 6 + 2 + 37. 1 + 30 = 76. 7 proceedingss ( B ) For a individual stoping up with a prescription. mean flow clip ( buffer 1 + enrollment + buffer 2 + physician ) = 7. 6 + 2 + 37. 1 + 5 = 51. 7 proceedingss. The reply to the other inquiries is found as follows: 1. On norm. how long does a patient spend in the exigency room? We know the flow clip of each flow unit. The mean flow clip over all flow units is the leaden norm: 10 % of entire flow units spend 76. 7 proceedingss while 90 % spend 51. 7 proceedingss. Therefore. the expansive norm is: T = 10 % * 76. 7 + 90 % *51. 7 = 54. 2 proceedingss. 2. On norm. how many patients are being examined by a physician? This inquiry asks for the mean stock list at the doctor’s activity. Again. first calculate stock list of each type of flow unit:( a ) Potential admits: R = 5. 5 patients/hr. T = 30 min = 0. 5 hour. therefore. I = RT = 5. 5/hr*0. 5 hr = 2. 75 patients( B ) Simple prescription: R = 49. 5 patients/hr. T = 5 min = ( 5/60 ) hour. therefore I = RT = 49. 5* ( 5/60 ) = 4. 125 patients Therefore. entire stock list at the physician is 2. 75 + 4. 125 = 6. 865 patients. 3. On norm. how many patients are in the ER?This inquiry asks for entire stock list in ER = stock list in buffer 1 + stock list in enrollment + stock list in buffer 2 + stock list with physicians = 7 + 1. 83 + 34 + 6. 865 = 49. 695 patients. Exercise 3. 5 ( ER. triage )The procedure flow map with the triage system is as follows: The stock list. and clip spent in assorted locations are as follows. In each instance the deliberate measure is italicized. Throughput through ER. R = 55 patients / hr = . 9167/min.Average stock list in exigency room. I = amount of stock list in all phases = 50. 63 patientsAverage clip spent in the exigency room = I/R = 50. 63/ . 9167 = 55. 23 proceedingss.For patients that are finally admitted. mean clip spent in the exigency room = clip in buffer 1 + enrollment + buffer 2 + triage nurse + buffer 3 + physician ( possible admit ) = 71. 18 proceedingss. Exercise 3. 6 ( ER. triage with misclassification )In this instance the procedure flow map is altered slightly since there are some patients sent from simple prescriptions to buffer 3. ( We will presume that the physician â€Å"instantaneously† recognizes misclassification so that a misclassified patient does non pass 5 proceedingss with the physician. However. if you assume such individual besides spends 5 proceedingss. the full methodological analysis below follows. merely increase the relevant flow clip by 5 minutes. ) The stock lists. throughputs and flow times are as follows: Throughput through ER. R = 55 patients / hrAverage stock list in exigency room. I = amount of stock lists in all phases = 37. 46Average clip spent in the exigency room T = I/R = 37. 46/ . 9167 = 40. 86 proceedingss. To cipher flow times. we should separate three types of flow units: ( 1 ) those that are right identified as possible admits the first clip: flow rate = 55*9 % = 4. 95/hr. Average flow clip = clip in buffer 1 + enrollment + buffer 2 + triage nurse + buffer 3 + physician ( possible admit ) = 56. 82 proceedingss ( 2 ) those that are first mis-identified as simple prescription and subsequently corrected and redirected to possible admits: flow rate = 55*1 % = 0. 55/hr. Average flow clip = clip in buffer 1 + enrollment + buffer 2 + triage nurse + buffer 4 + buffer 3 + physician ( possible admit ) = 74. 80 proceedingss ( 3 ) those that are right identified to acquire a simple prescription the first clip: flow rate = 55*90 % = 49. 5/hr. Average flow clip = clip in buffer 1 + enrollment + buffer 2 + triage nurse + buffer 4 + buffer 3 + physician ( simple prescription ) = 38. 89 proceedingss For patients that are finally admitted. that is types ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) . mean clip spent in the exigency room is the leaden norm of their flow times. Type ( 1 ) is fraction 4. 95/ ( 4. 95+0. 55 ) = 90 % of those admitted and type ( 2 ) is 0. 55/ ( 4. 95+0. 55 ) = 10 % of those admitted. Therefore. mean flow clip for patients that are finally admitted is 90 % *56. 82min + 10 % *74. 80. 8min = 58. 62 min. Note that the overall mean flow clip over all patients is: 9 % *56. 82min + 1 % *74. 80min + 90 % *38. 89. 8min = 40. 86 min. in understanding with the figure derived straight from Little’s Law above. Exercise 3. 7 ( Orange Juice Inc ) First let us detect that there are two periods in the twenty-four hours: 1. From 7am-6pm. oranges come in at a rate of 10. 000kg/hr and are processed. and therefore go forth the works. at 8000kg/hr. Because influxs exceed escapes. stock list will construct up at a rate of ?R = 10. 000-8. 000kg/hr = +2. 000 kg/hr. Therefore. because we can non hold oranges stored overnight. we start with an empty works so that stock list at 7am is zero: I ( 7 am ) = 0. Because stock list builds up linearly at 2. 000kg/hr. the stock list at 6pm is I ( 6pm ) = 2. 000 kg/hr * 11 hour = 22. 000kg. 2. After 6pm. no more oranges come in. yet treating continues at 8000 kg/hr until the works is empty. Therefore. influxs is less than escapes so that stock list is depleted at a rate of ?R = 0 – 8. 000 kg/hr = – 8. 000 kg/hr. Therefore. since we have that I ( 6pm ) = 22. 000kg. we know that stock list depletes linearly from that degree at a rate of -8. 000 kg/hr. Therefore. to empty the works. stock list must make zero and this will take an sum of clip ?t where: 22. 000 kilogram – 8. 000 kg/hr ?t = 0. or?t = 22. 000/8. 000 hr = 2. 75 hr = 2 hour 45min.Therefore. the works must run until 6pm + 2hr 45min = 8:45pm. This can all be diagrammatically summarized in the stock list construct up diagram shown above. 3. Truck kineticss: for this the stock list diagram is truly utile. Notice that we have taken a entire procedure position of the works. including the truck waiting waiting line. Therefore. stock list is entire stock list in the bins + stock list in the trucks ( if any are waiting ) . So. let’s draw the thick line on the stock list build-up diagram. stand foring the bin storage capacity. First stock list builds up in the bins. When the bin is full. so the trucks must wait. This happens at: 2. 000 kg/hr ?t = 6. 000kg. so that the first truck will wait after ?t = 6. 000/2. 000 hr = 3 hour. which is at 10am. Now. the last truck that arrives ( at 6pm ) joins the longest waiting line. and therefore will wait the longest. That â€Å"unfortunate† truck will be able to get down dumping its contents in the bins when the bins start consuming. This is at 22. 000 kilogram – 8. 000 kg/hr ?t = 6. 000. or after ?t = ( 22. 000-6. 000 ) /8. 000 hr = 2 hour. after 6pm. Therefore. the last truck departs at 8pm and the maximal truck waiting clip is hence 2 hours. Now. among all the trucks that do wait ( i. e. . those geting after 10am ) . the first truck delaies practically zero proceedingss. and the last truck waits 2 hours. climaxing in an norm of ( 0 + 2 ) hrs/2 = 1 hr. Notice that the trucks geting before 10am do non wait. Thus. the overall mean truck waiting clip is ( # trucks geting before 10am * 0 + # trucks geting after 10am * 1hr ) / ( entire # of trucks ) . Because input rate is 10. 000kg/hr and each truck carries 1. 000 kg/truck. the truck input rate is 10 trucks/hr. so that the overall mean truck waiting clip is: ( 10 trucks/hr * 3hrs * 0 + 10 trucks/hr * 8hrs * 1hr ) / ( 10 trucks/hr * 11 hour ) = 8/11 hour = 43. 63min. Average waiting clip can besides be calculated by detecting that the country of the upper trigon in the build-up diagram represents the entire sum of hours waited by all trucks: Area = ( 22. 000 – 6. 000 ) kilogram * ( 8pm – 10 am ) /2 = 16. 000 kilogram * 10 waiting hour /2 = 80. 000 kilogram waiting hrs = 80. 000 kilogram waiting hour / ( 1. 000 kg/truck ) = 80 truck waiting hour. Now. we merely calculated that there are 80 trucks that do wait. hence the mean waiting clip among those trucks that do wait is 8 0 truck waiting hrs/ 80 trucks = 1 hr. Exercise 3. 8 ( Jasper Valley Motors )Part a. TURNStotal = 1/Ttotal so Ttotal = 1/8 old ages = 1. 5 months Itotal = RtotalTtotal = 160 vehicles/month * 1. 5 months = 240 vehicles. which is the reply. Typical mistakes: incorrect units and saying that â€Å"I = 160* ( 1/8 ) = 20 vehicles. † Part B. Similar to portion a. we have Tnew = 1/7. 2 old ages = 1. 667 months and Tused = 1/9. 6 old ages = 1. 25 months. Inew = 0. 6 * 160 vehicles/month * 1. 667 months = 160 new vehicles Iused = 0. 4 * 160 vehicles/month * 1. 25 months = 80 new vehicles Entire monthly funding costs so 160* $ 175 + 80* $ 145 = 28. 000 + 11. 600 = $ 39. 600/month. Cost per vehicle are so $ 39. 600/month ( 160+80 ) = $ 165 per vehicle per month. which is the reply. Typical mistakes:1. Not recognizing that the cost driver is stock list. non throughput. ( Taking a throughput-weighted norm would give 60 % * $ 175 + 40 % * $ 145 = 163. alternatively of the right inventory-weighted. ) 2. Not taking a leaden norm. Clearly. the reply must fall between $ 145 and $ 175. 3. Giving entire monthly costs alternatively of per vehicle. Part degree Celsius. From Little’s Law. cutting clip 20 % while keeping R unchanged will cut down stock list by 20 % . From portion b. mean monthly funding costs for new vehicles is 160* $ 175 = $ 28. 000/month. A 20 % bead gives $ 5. 600 per month. which is the reply. Typical mistakes:1. Assuming the service works besides on used autos. taking to 20 % $ 39. 600/month= $ 7920/mo. 2. Merely saying the value per auto per month: We cut down Tnew from Tnew = 1/7. 2 old ages = 1. 667 months by 20 % *1. 667mo = 1/3 minute. This saves 1/3mo * $ 175/new auto. minute = $ 58. 33/new auto. ( Multiplying by 96new cars/mo would hold yield the right $ 5600/mo. ) 3. Reducing the flow clip by 20 % does non intend that turnover is increased by 20 % . ( On the contrary. really. turnover additions here from 7. 2 to 9. which is 25 % . )

Delta Plastics, Inc. (B) Essays

Delta Plastics, Inc. (B) Essays Delta Plastics, Inc. (B) Paper Delta Plastics, Inc. (B) Paper Running header: Delta Plastic, Inc. (B) Delta Plastics, Inc. (B) Delta Plastics, Inc. (B) Introduction Have you taken the time to look at your plastic containers? Well, if you do there is a chance that your containers have flaws and defects that are noticeable to the human eye. There are defects that do not get in the way of using the containers but for quality purposes, it still is a defect. This paper will show a 3-sigma control chart for the production process for using the new and standard material. The control chart will show if the processes are in control and if the materials are equally subject to defects. Based on the finding, Jose will be advised on the action to take. 3-Sigma control chart Prepare a 3-sigma control chart for both production processes, using the new and standard material (use of quality report in â€Å"Delta Plastics, Inc. Case A,† Chapter 5). The control prepare is showing the type and number of defect using a sampling of 20. The average number of defects for the new material is 2. 44 and the range is 4. 55. The control limit L) is 2. 41, upper control limit (UCL) is 4. 14 and the lower control limit (LCL) is -1. 73. The average number of defects for the standard material is 1. 93 and the range is 2. 6. The control limit (CL) is 2. 41, upper control limit (UCL) is 3. 28 and the lower control limit (LCL) is . 571. Control Discuss whether or not both materials are in control and what conclusion may be drawn. To determine whether both material are in control it will be based on the number of defects and the quality tool used to determine if the product will perform as intended. It was previously determined that the Pareto analysis determined the reliability (Reid Sanders, 2010). According to Reid Sanders (2010), the Pareto analysis is a technique that identifies quality problems based on the degree of importance. The defects that will decrease the reliability would be uneven edges and cracks. Scratches, air bubbles and the thick variation will affect the appearance of the product but will not limit the use. Based on the number of defects that the new material has and it reliability it has been determined that the new material is out of control. Over 53% of the containers made fall over the either the control limit or upper control limit. This is not good for production so the product needs to go back through the design process. The stand material has about 40% of its containers that have defects that could be considered not reliable but the containers do not fall over the upper control limit. The standard material is in control but barely. Subject to defects Discuss whether or not both materials are equally subject to defects. Both materials are equally subject to defects. The company cannot choose the samples that for quality control. That would defeat the purpose for improving the product. The new material should have a better quality because of the new super plastic being used to make the containers. If new super plastic is being used then much time and effort should be given when make the containers. The new material should be more reliable but it is not compare to the standard material. The standard material has 13% less defects than the new material on containers that are not reliable. | | | | | Action to take Given your findings, advise Jose on the action he should take. Based on the finding, Jose should look into using Kaizen’s total quality management approach. According to Wienclaw (2008), this approach calls for a continuously search for improvement. Wienclaw also stated, â€Å"The key to doing this is through the application of statistical processes and tools in a search for better processes and improved quality. † References Reid, R. D, Sanders, N. R. (2010). Operations management: An integrated approach (4th ed. ). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley Sons. pp. 165. Wienclaw, R. (2008). Statistical Quality Control. (p. 1). Great Neck Publishing. Retrieved from Research Starters Business database.

Metal powder bed additive manufacturing (AM) methods Essay

Metal powder bed additive manufacturing (AM) methods - Essay Example The paper tells that the method of selective laser sintering was carried out first by use of nylon combined with polymers when a need arose to have assistance of audio-visual prototypes and the fit-to-form research tests that were previously conducted. This process received considerable research and as a result, it was further expanded to incorporate metals and subsequently got into alloys that were used in the production of functional prototypes and also in the process of developing rapid tooling procedures. The past practices have seen the status of SLS reconsidered based on rapid prototyping approaches, SLM with the use of phosphorous during the binding mechanism, post-processing that involved parts that were laser-sintered, metals that have undergone direct selective laser sintering, rapid tooling application, and consideration of materials that have been put to use. Substantial research has thus been done in this area and many publications made. This could be attributed to the u sefulness of the technology, its commercial viability, and the kind of broad application that it has found. The technology also has evolved to include the Electron Beam Melting, which is a technology that incorporates building parts laying layer-by-layer by use of metal powder through application of powerful beams of electron. Initially, powder-based AM manufacturing processes did construct various layers made up of plastic and metallic materials that dispersed powders on a given set substrate. These were liquid based processes. AM is also based on the same principle but curing is done by the UV light. The advancements in these technologies have made the AM be of greater use in many industries including fabrications, biomedical, and repairs of metallic forms of components since they have the capacity to deposit metal matter on set substrates (Kruth, et al., 2003, pp.357–371). 2.0 Introduction There has been a considerable increment in new and sophisticated technologies in onl y a span of 20 years. These sophisticated technologies and the innovations have been able to produce some complex and freeform solids (Shiomi, et al., 1999, pp.237–252). Besides, the different additive or subtractive techniques are evolving quite fast into rapid manufacturing processes in the cases of mass-customized goods, which have taken a deviation from the rapid prototyping processes (Mercelis & Kruth, 2006, pp.254–265). The intermitted measurements of those components that have been fabricated through the process of additive manufacturing (AM) have the capacity to boost the in-process improvement as well as change the characterization related to the internal geometrics of materials. These AM processes do take into account the planar layer. The layer-upon-layer aspect of various processes involving AM techniques has the ability to incorporate very simple measurements of two-dimensional nature (Mercelis & Kruth, 2006, pp.254–265). This is attributed to the f act that the current layer of the parts used is focused on a continuous basis when it comes

Online games Vs Violence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Online games Vs Violence - Essay Example Hollingdale & Greitemeyer found that the Chinese adolescents who prefer to play violent games against human opponents online tended to more aggressive and a greater tolerance for anger. This study was carried among 312 Chinese teens who play online video games. In most cases, it is noted that when video game consumers play against human opponents, the levels of gaming experience increases. Thus, the gaming effects tend to increase the gamers emotions and behaviors. Children who grow up playing violent games tend to develop thinking patterns that influence their behaviour. Many people become aggressive when the gaming controls become difficult. This is a reaction caused by the frustrations facing the gamer. Mothers in Hongkong share a different perspective concerning online games. To them, video games have created a modern form to foster child development (Yung). Kenix Chong Wei-peng believes that online games help her daughter burn up excess before retiring to bed (Yung). According to Chong, her daughter has the opportunity to experience different situations through the online games. Her daughter would be ready, and know what to expect when she has the real chance to face the same situations. Apart from the games being part of entertainment, the experts tend to make them educational too. Ann Chow, head of marketing consumer channels in Microsoft Hongkong, believes that the games would encourage kids to develop a positive attitude towards learning (Yung). Players could access the natural world and have a clear understanding of nature, and be conversant with the different languages and environment. In the gaming consoles, the player becomes the character chosen and assumes the skills of that character. As the levels increase, the games become tougher requiring the gamer to utilise and learn more tactics. Each challenge reinforces the player with new information, thus fostering learning (Yung). Most parents argue that

The necessity of a minimum wage based on the cost of living Essay

The necessity of a minimum wage based on the cost of living - Essay Example The current minimum wage set up by the federal government in 2009 is $7.25/hour calculating up to $15, 080 for a full time worker who works 40 hours per week per year round. The federal minimum wage is categorized into non-tipped, tipped and youth. The non-tipped wage rate is higher as compared to the minimum wage rate of tipped workers. The tipped workers make tips over and above their wage therefore their minimum wage is $2.13 that is lower than the above-mentioned non-tipped rate. The youth minimum wage rate entails all the teens i.e. people below the age of 20 years and ranges between the tipped and non-tipped rate of $4.25. The economics of the world is changing posing a question on the feasibility of the minimum wage laws. The increase in inflation, unemployment rates and the economic downturn makes it difficult for the worker to maintain a standard of living that is above the poverty line. The increase in the minimum wage has been in debate over many years now with the economists questioning the viability of the law and the level of the minimum wage. Thus the minimum wage should be parallel to the cost living and as it lacks to support the living standard it should be increased to fill in the gap. Initially, the minimum wage was enacted in 1938 by the US president Franklin Roosevelt in order to protect the workers from the effects of the great depression. The law helped in keeping the workers above the poverty line, thus helping the economic through an increased purchasing power. The United States Department of Labor shows the minimum wage prevailing in all states of America. The economic and political clashes regarding the minimum wage figure has been going on since the inception of the law. The minimum wage prevailing in a state or territory can be either less or more than the federal minimum. For example, the minimum wage rate for Arizona is $7.90 whereas that of Georgia is $5.15 applicable to employers with six or

The story written by mr pip

The story written by mr pip Her voice is unique and consistent in this regard. The theme of wordplay presented in the story reflects the quality of his writing. Matilda and the other children get the lists of a new vocabulary from Charles Dickenss work through this exercise they begin to understand the importance of choosing the right word for right time. Matilda, however, has to struggle with the this activity of choosing the right words on right occasions. Somehow she manages to translate the great lessons of her life into language understandable to all. It also gives us an insight into Mr Pips journey with her. It is a riveting story with the impeccably narrated story of a young girl who has buried herself under the world of a book. In her realm, things appear to make sense while her surroundings are tainted with uncertainties of life. Several themes emerge in Lloyd Jones Mister Pip. The most important one is of the conflict between old and new Interwoven in his lectures on Great Expectations by the natives of the island. These speeches are in the ancient world, which strengthens the traditional belief in shadow. The inscription on Mister Pip reads migrate to sign. It is awarded to Umberto Eco. Characters in the story migrate both literally and metaphorically. Pip moves beyond the boundaries of Great Expectations in the consciousness developed Matilda, Matilda, and Mr. Watts, but literally from one place to another. This type of exposure to other perspectives creates the blockade of the communication that was dominant among the people of Bougainville during the civil war. This exchange of information through a common social consciousness throughout the world educates in a way that was previously prohibited, but it is absolutely necessary for the survival of the people. Throughout the novel we see the theme of reading for escape. Consider the following quotes 23-35: Mr. Watts gave us a different world, children spend the night we could escape to another place (23). I think Mr. Watts enjoyed the recitation When she spoke, he was the voice is another thing that impressed us For the time he read, had a way of Mr. Wattss absent and we forgot about him (24). We had no books. We had our heads and we have had our memories, and to Mr. Watts, thats everything we needed (27). What I did not know at the time was, we were all children of the Great Expectations payments back to our families (32). They did not want me to go further into that other world. She was afraid she would lose her Matilda in Victorian England (35). The people of Bougainville are educated in many ways. Mr. Watts teaches children the great expectations, but also the village elders come to school to share their wisdom. Finally, Mr. Watts joins the education of children with the Dickens novel and traditional beliefs of the community in an oral history rather than on many nights, with which he tries, the rebels who have infiltrated their village alone. The residents are not immune to disasters, but education is inextricably tied to their fate. HG Wells statement that has the history, more and more a race to education on the one hand, and the catastrophe of the other, should be included in todays world, in which the disaster, it was a genocide or a nuclear bomb, slightly the time it takes to educate all. If the fate of Matilda Laimo proves nothing beats Lloyd Jones, that education be more likely to survive a road to disaster as a means to prevent it. Dickens comes to Bougainville Lloyd Jones to add colors to the brilliant new novel of Mister Pip. How do you want to exist in the history of power and formative influence of literature? Mister Pips blurb says that the novel is a love song to the power of imagination and storytelling. It shows how books can change lives. In the civil war in Bougainville in early 1990, regular school attendance of children is destroyed in the village. The elderly eccentric Mr. Watts, the last white man in the region, is committed to the master. Their classes consist of reading Great Expectations by Charles Dickens for children. They become government troops (disparaged as Redskins), and local boys who are armed rebels (known as Rambo) through the village, and the results sometimes are frightening or terrible. But Mr. Watts bed. And still, children are affected and begin to take on new imaginative possibility for their lives. It covers the status of the orphan Pip in Dickens and the theme of dislocation from home. You begin to see how Joe Gargery, Miss Havisham and Mr. Jaggers in relation to their own culture. The story is well presented, as it must seem like glib and simplistic fable of a flap text. At this point we should not fail to notice quite carefully that the white men bring awareness to the minds of young locals. Is it not a smattering of intellectual imperialism? The answer to both questions is that Lloyd Jones is many steps ahead. Far from simple, his narrative canvasses a number of issues in the context of its general approval of the imagination of the literature. At various times, opportunities arise in literature offering a great escape more easily, or can promote a distorted image of reality, or can even be downright dangerous if taken literally. (The soldiers are angry and take revenge, if they do not find what to talk Mister Pip children.) What are the cultural issues of Imperialism? The novel implicitly depicts the white man burden. The atheist white man, Mr. Watts fears verbally spars with a local mother of God. He usually gets the best in their field who come through a kind of secular missionaries among the unenlightened lot. Then the action reaches its climax terrible (kind auditors be taken to mark), and we are forced to reassess our judgments about these two new characters. Aboriginal values are stronger and more significant than first thought the fight, and indigenous peoples are not imposed on passive recipients of culture, no matter how attractive can be the Western literature. Jones difficult bet is the simplest sound. How Great Expectations, the novel is in first person by an adult says looking back to a long life or at least someone in their mid-twenties, looking back on events that began when she was 14 Matilda is the daughter of Mr. Watts sparring partner. So how dare adopt a white man with the mask of a black female novelist narrator? This could be the signal for the type of computer to be long brouhaha with Confessions of Nat Turner William Styron. The mask slips sometimes. But his relations with listless horrors of civil war, his quiz from the outside world and its sad admission that all the cultural influences have their limits, Matildas voice the perfect vehicle for the key issues of Jones. This is a brilliant narrative performance and not half as easy as it first seems.

The Necessary Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki to End World War II Ess

After the defeat of Germany, the allies turned their attention on crushing Japan. On August 6, 1945, 8:16 A.M, Enola Gay completed its mission and dropped the 9000lb â€Å"little boy† on Hiroshima. 78,000 killed instantly and many more were to die within 5 years. All together, 250,000 citizens of Hiroshima were killed. Another bomb named â€Å"fat man† was dropped on Nagasaki 3 days later, killing 40,000 people. The bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki were the quickest way to end the war with the fewest casualties. The boom cost $2000 millions to build and it was a military weapon for war, it should be used to fulfill its purpose- to end the war. The allies may have lost the war if U.S did not use the atomic bomb, the consequences may be even worse. In spite of the lives lost during the bombing, it had taught humans a great deal about atomic bombs and it had advanced mankind. The bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki were justified and necessary for World War II. In Japan there were more than 2 million combat troops and 9000 aircrafts ready to fight till the very end. Japan was famous for their resistance and pride and the war may take a lot of energy and time to end. If the allies did not use the atomic bombs, peace may come with a heavy price with possibly 500,000 American causalities, as well as that many for Japanese soldiers and maybe half of that number for British. Prime Minister Churchill knew of Japanese pride and said, â€Å"I had my mind the spectacle of Okinawa Island, where many thousands of Japanese, rather than surrender, had drawn up in line and destroyed themselves by hand-grenades†¦Now that nightmare picture had vanished. In its place was the vision†¦ of the end of the whole war in one or two violent shocks.† The allies had warned t... ... learned from the Atomic bombs are now beneficial to the world today. The bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki were justified and necessary for World War II. The use of Atomic bombs was the quickest way to end the war with the fewest casualties. The bombs were weapons of war made by U.S; Americans efficiently used their weapons to end the war in the best way possible. The consequences are unthinkable if the Allies lost the war, the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki were necessary to avoid a future that is dominated by Japan. Mankind learned very important lessons from the atomic bombs in WWII and it prevented any future attempts of another World War. The discovery was also very beneficial to mankind. The lives lost due to the bombing were worth it, they traded peace in the future, a world that is aware of the Atomic Bombs’ dangers and millions of lives were saved.

Global Trends

Global Trends MGT 460: Leadership Priorities & Practice Instructor William Conaway February 17, 2011 Global Trends Education is arguably one of the biggest industries in the world. People pay to learn and if we are honest, people learn to get paid. Individuals stress to their children the importance of doing well in school. Why? The world has put a prerequisite on success, and it is education. Since we know that education is vital and we understand that the twenty-first century has brought with it a global community; it follows that the Education industry in America, especially public school, must change if this millennial generation is to be successful in the future and as a future public school worker I must be marketable for those changes. General Environment Children are different today then they were 10 years ago. Between the internet, video games, and movies it takes a lot more to hold their attention which means it takes a different type of teacher to get them to learn. Baby boomers who make up the largest population of the experienced teaching community will be retiring over the next 3-5 years. Although these teachers have years of experience this particular generation is very different from anything they have ever faced. Consequently, the students have been turned off by their traditional approach. . Lee Goeke the former head of Human Resources for Vancouver Public â€Å"studied what he calls the millennial generation — those who graduated from high school in 2000 or later. He determined they weren't obsessed with money like Baby Boomers or Generation Xers. Out of all the generations we've had, this is the perfect generation for teaching,† Goeke said. â€Å"The millennial generation is more interested in vision and philosophy. (McLatchey, 2008). Task Environment We live in a global community. The internet and other advanced technologies have brought the world together in an unusual way; resulting in Americans not just competing among ourselves, but with people all over the world. This has always been the case in some industries since the establishment of America, but never to the degree in which we see it today. Consequently, public education is becoming an industry of great importance. Parents are demanding more of the curriculum. Society as a whole recognizes the need for quality public school education if we are to continue to compete with companies around the world in the future whose educational systems will or have surpassed ours. Pulling it all Together In the next three years due to the shrinking size of the world and the competition for jobs in our global community education in America will become more world based, focusing on the total growth of the developing child, touching hearts as well as minds and encompassing social, physical, emotional and cultural needs in addition to academic development (http://www. bo. org/pyp/). Having a degree in both organizational management which prepares me for the global business market and psychology which helps me understand social, emotional, and cultural needs will make me not only extremely marketable in the years to come, but an effective member of the education community. References http://www. ibo. org/pyp/ Rafte ry, I (2 March). With teacher turnover high, Vancouver schools shift recruiting effort to attract idealists. McClatchy – Tribune Business News. Retrieved March 31, 2008, from ABI/INFORM Complete database. (Document ID: 1437867971).

Analysis of Elasticity and the Theory of Consumer Choice

Analysis of Elasticity and the Theory of Consumer Choice Economics calculate elasticity and use the consumer choice theory to determine marketability of various commodities. Elasticity differs among items since some items are more essential to consumers than others are (Davis). The consumer choice theory is essential in determining the most attractive markets. However, it has certain shortcomings.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis of Elasticity and the Theory of Consumer Choice specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The difference in elasticity is caused by the variations in the level of demand for different products. Goods and services that are necessities are insensitive to cost alterations as consumers usually purchase these items regardless of cost adjustments. Price increase of an item that is less of a necessity puts off more customers since the opportunity cost of acquiring the items becomes too high. A product is highly elastic if an insignificant alteration in it s price leads to an acute change in the supply or demand of the product. Commonly, such items are accessible in the market at all times, but consumers rarely purchase them. Conversely, an inelastic commodity is one in which price alterations may only lead to modest changes in the quality supplied and demanded. These commodities are those that tend to be more of a necessity to the customer in his/her everyday life (Moffatt). The equation for finding elasticity is percentage change of the amount of products demanded for divided by the percentage change in cost. If elasticity is equal to or greater than one, the good/service is elastic. Economists say that the higher the rate of elasticity, the lower the market for the product when the price increases. The opposite is also true. Economists and business people use the formula to understand how sensitive the demand for particular goods/services is to changes in price (Hubbard 82). To determine elasticity of goods and services, economists analysis demand curves. When the amount of products demanded diminishes significantly due to a negligible adjustment in cost, the demand curve becomes flat, and this shows that the demand for the product is elastic. On the other hand, when the curve is upright the demand is inelastic, as quantity adjusts modestly with massive alteration in cost. Elasticity of supply functions in a similar manner. When changes in supply result into a massive change in quantity supplied, the supply curve flattens and the commodity is elastic. In this case, the elasticity is higher or equal to one (Davis). However, if a substantial change in price does not have a major impact in the quantity supplied, the curve becomes steeper. Its elasticity becomes less than one. The theory of consumer choice is another vital trading tool. It is based on the hypothesis of utility and marginal utility. Economists use the terminology utility to express the contentment resulting from the consumption of a product. They say that consumers act sensibly while choosing the preferred products to exploit total utility. According to the theory, consumers always take into consideration four main factors.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More First, they consider how much satisfaction they derive from purchasing and subsequently consuming an extra unit of a product. Next, they consider the amount of money that they have to pay to acquire the product and ensure they do not lose their money. Moreover, they consider the degree of satisfaction they can derive from consuming substitute products. Finally, they evaluate the prices of the substitute products (Theory of Consumer Choice†). The experts use the term marginal utility to explain change in satisfaction that results from the consumption of each additional product. The theory of diminishing marginal utility articulates that the marginal u tility resulting from consuming a good/service decreases as the consumption of that product increases. The theory of consumer choice states that a rational consumer spends on his/her earnings in a manner that maximizes the total utility arising from all commodities consumed. For example, in case a customer intends to buy one good out of two differently priced products, total utility will be achieved when the satisfaction arising from commodity A is equal to the satisfaction arising from commodity B. In this case, the total marginal utility of A and B becomes equals to that of another similar good. Therefore, when the price of product A diminishes, the equality becomes an inequality and the consumer chooses a cheaper preference. The consumer will buy more of the product, if he/she receives more utility from it. The theory is essential as it forecasts demand and supply (Theory of Consumer Choice†). However, the theory also faces criticism. Some economists assert that it is not p ossible to measure utility impartially, as there are no systems for doing the work. Moreover, they have reservations regarding the hypothesis of rational behavior among consumers. They say consumers do not have all the information on the products available in the market and therefore cannot make rational decisions (Moffatt). The consumer choice theory, however, is a useful economic tool for determining appropriate trading patterns. Elasticity forecasts levels of demand and supply. The elasticity formula is easy to use, and all entrepreneurs can use it to improve their understanding of their markets. Davis, Marc. Microeconomics: Introduction | Investopedia. Investopedia Educating the world about finance. n.p., n.d. Web.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis of Elasticity and the Theory of Consumer Choice specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Hubbard, R. Glenn, and A. P., Brien. Microeconomics. Upper Saddle River, N.J .: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2006. Print. Moffatt, Mike . Price Elasticity of Demand. Economics at About.com. N.p., n.d. Web. Theory of Consumer Choice indifference curves, consumers optimal choice. Business Economics | Introduction to Basic Economics. n.p., n.d. Web.

Free Essays on Operation Hostile

Operation: Hostile I had just been accepted in the Special Forces. He had been in ROTC training in Bell More, Virginia, when he heard the screeching voice of our sergeant, â€Å"were being called to Panama.† The next morning at 5:00 I heard the clacking of the wooden stick hitting the trashcan the serge used every morning to wake the troops up. He screamed â€Å"Pack your bags where leaving†, we all knew where we were going. At 6:30 that morning we got on the plane and headed for the Perlas Islands. We had been briefed on the current situation going on there; guerilla terrorists had taken over a college full of Americans on which included the Presidents daughter. I was Platoon Leader so it was my job to keep everyone focused on the situation. My unit was unit seven we went in first, while scouting the area we where seen and three of my men were caught along with me. We were taken to the leader of the terrorist organization. He wanted to know our name, rank, and reason we were there. None of us would do as they said. Then they tried to force our name and rank out of us by shock therapy. That is where they hook a battery up to two long cords that hold to wet shirts on them and shock you with them. Finally one of my men gave and told them who was in charge and his name and rank. They took me in the back alone and interrogated me and then tried to force information out of me by putting bamboo shoot threw my finger nails. Every time they did it I would gauck at them and tel l them nothing, until finally passed out. I finally tried to escape when I awoke in the jailhouse room they kept me in. When I made a run for it I took the other two men with me. When we were crawling around the fence line a terrorist found us and tried killing me by choking me. I couldn’t breath and started to grope for air. The terrorist kept on choking me until I felt the grasp of darkness coming on until Sergeant Morris saved me. Once I... Free Essays on Operation Hostile Free Essays on Operation Hostile Operation: Hostile I had just been accepted in the Special Forces. He had been in ROTC training in Bell More, Virginia, when he heard the screeching voice of our sergeant, â€Å"were being called to Panama.† The next morning at 5:00 I heard the clacking of the wooden stick hitting the trashcan the serge used every morning to wake the troops up. He screamed â€Å"Pack your bags where leaving†, we all knew where we were going. At 6:30 that morning we got on the plane and headed for the Perlas Islands. We had been briefed on the current situation going on there; guerilla terrorists had taken over a college full of Americans on which included the Presidents daughter. I was Platoon Leader so it was my job to keep everyone focused on the situation. My unit was unit seven we went in first, while scouting the area we where seen and three of my men were caught along with me. We were taken to the leader of the terrorist organization. He wanted to know our name, rank, and reason we were there. None of us would do as they said. Then they tried to force our name and rank out of us by shock therapy. That is where they hook a battery up to two long cords that hold to wet shirts on them and shock you with them. Finally one of my men gave and told them who was in charge and his name and rank. They took me in the back alone and interrogated me and then tried to force information out of me by putting bamboo shoot threw my finger nails. Every time they did it I would gauck at them and tel l them nothing, until finally passed out. I finally tried to escape when I awoke in the jailhouse room they kept me in. When I made a run for it I took the other two men with me. When we were crawling around the fence line a terrorist found us and tried killing me by choking me. I couldn’t breath and started to grope for air. The terrorist kept on choking me until I felt the grasp of darkness coming on until Sergeant Morris saved me. Once I...

The Best and Worst Training Experiences Research Paper

The Best and Worst Training Experiences - Research Paper Example Elements of training design include setting learning objectives, developing instructional strategies, evaluating performance, sequence objectives, and content establishment, and the application of knowledge and skills (HSS, 2012). A trainer should choose the best form of training from the list of available options for better results. This paper will analyze both my best and worst training experiences as an employee with reference to the book, â€Å"Employee Training and Development† by Raymond A. Noe. My training as a driver is probably the best training experience I have had for years. Since my earlier years, I had always hoped to become a driver. Therefore, when the chance came I took it with enthusiasm. I took the training for a number of reasons. Firstly, I had hoped to own a car in a few months’ time and therefore I had to learn the skills of driving to be able to drive my own car. Secondly, I had a job in a food store where I was required to have a driving license as an additional skill. Therefore, the management sent me to a driving school for training. The objective of the training was to equip me with the necessary driving skills and road safety rules that would enable me to transport foodstuffs around my state effectively, safely and without breaking any traffic rules. Actually, I was not the only trainee in our driving school at the time. The design of the training targeted all students who desired to acquire the skills and knowledge in driving. I participated in the training alongside my colleagues. The training took place in many locations. The theory classes took place in a room suited for a driving lesson while the practical took place on the road. This arrangement was very suitable and conducive for this type of training. Different training methods were in application. Lectures and discussions took place in class while skill lessons applied on the road using the training car (FAO, 1998). The expertise of the trainer was unquestiona ble. He used convenient language, moderate training speed, gave instructions with an understanding mind, and was very encouraging. His mode of communication was perfect and he offered us chances to discuss and practice. The elements that I appreciated most in the training process included setting learning objectives, developing instructional strategies, evaluating performance, and the application of knowledge and skills (HSS, 2012). The application of the Behaviorism theory was clear in the training. I would observe and implement what the trainer was doing on the wheels until it become clear (Mergel, 1998). I can actually say the training was successful and I was able to transfer my learning to my job as I can drive comfortably and safely. However, I would recommend an increase on the practical lessons and the introduction of counseling topics for would-be drivers. My training as a sales representative was a bad experience. I had ventured in this training with a hope of securing a p art-time job with a soft drink manufacturing company. The objective of the training was to equip me with necessary sales and marketing knowledge and skills. The target audience was a number of students from our student organization. A friend and I participated in the training. The training took place in one of the empty rooms in the company and the training room was not conducive for the training as there was too much noise from the manufacturing machines in the company.

Economic Externalities And Market Failure Essay

Economic Externalities And Market Failure - Essay Example It can then, in turn, have either a positive or a negative effect on a third party individual who is not directly involved with the buyer or the seller of the transaction at hand.These costs (or benefits) are not included in the cost curve faced by the decision makers. For example, if I plant trees around my neighborhood, not only will I enjoy the benefits of having a street that is cooler and has more shade, but so will my neighbors, even though they did not have any part whatsoever to play in planting the trees. This is an instance of a positive externality. There are several instances that provide absolute evidence that the market economy is plowed with enough imperfections and that it is unable to achieve economic efficiency. Economic efficiency is both productive and allocative efficiency. Productive efficiency is achieved when goods are made with the least possible amount of scarce resources, in other words, goods are made at the lowest possible cost. Allocative efficiency is a chieved when the right amount of scarce resources are allocated towards the production of the right kind of products., i.e., when a combination of goods that leads to the maximum satisfaction of unlimited wants is produced, allocative efficiency is achieved. Therefore, the market fails to choose the right goods and services and is unable to produce them well enough. Market failure is a concept pertained to economic theory, whereby the allocation of goods and services by a free market is not very efficient.