Theories of varied motivation in psychology

MDCM (A) write up Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

MDCM (A) review - Case Study Example Each of the company’s auxiliaries works self-governingly thus they contend on their own terms rather than as one organization. It along these lines implies that the value that the organization pays for its items is too high when contrasted with the opposition. This is significantly more so with the enormous number of providers that MDCM manages as a gathering. Furthermore, MDCM isn't getting time basic data that will permit it to deliver and mange its activities all the more effectively. In view of the data given for the situation the general key objectives of MDCM as of now are to improve its hierarchical structure, improve its data frameworks, decrease its operational expense and increase a more noteworthy piece of the pie. This must be done through the combination of MDCMs data frameworks both departmentally, territorially and around the world. The organization has as of late done some significant re-associations yet the main driver of the issue has not been fixed. The CFO has shown that edges have been contracting for eight quarters with an excessive amount of working capital and a wasteful cost structure (p.1). The structure of MDCMs activity doesn't forecast well for its proficient tasks. The organization has done some rebuilding and has diminished its staff supplement however it despite everything needs to complete a qualities, shortcomings, openings and dangers (SWOT) investigation of its tasks so as to perceive what extra rebuilding is required. The Chief Operating Officer (COO) has shown that as a result of the powerlessness to figure MDCM is spending very nearly three fold the amount of as the organization needs to spend on materials due to speeding up the procedure so as to fulfill the necessities of clients. Creation can't be planned appropriately on account of the race to fulfill the prompt needs of clients. The entirety of this recommend the organization doesn't have the data that it needs to design or isn't getting the data early enough so as to do its activities proficiently. In fact the COO has

Entrepreneurship and SMEs-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignment

Question: Compose an obviously organized, all around contended and properly referenced report. You are relied upon to manage complex issues looked by the proprietor, both efficiently and inventively, make sound decisions without complete information, and convey their decisions plainly to expert and non-pro crowds. Answer: Presentation Enterprise alludes to the way toward propelling, planning and maintaining a business, offering a colossal scope of items and administrations to the objective clients. The people, who make a business, be it little or huge, are known as the business visionaries. The term enterprise manages the eagerness and limit of creating, sorting out and dealing with a business for making a benefit, keeping the hazard factors into thought. The hazard factors regularly incorporate; absence of assets, financial emergency, advertise requests, and terrible choices in the business and others. In less difficult words, a business person can be characterized as the person who begins a business, arranges it and deals with the endeavor (Hall et al. 2012). The report illuminates the issues and issues looked by London's Spice Sky eatery. Flavor Sky café furnishes its shoppers with great Indian food since the year 1988. It has had the option to win the hearts of numerous purchasers and mass appreciation. The eatery recorded an expansion in the deals since its opening. Be that as it may, the organization is confronting a decrease in the deals throughout the previous two months, because of certain issues. To begin with, the organization should be increasingly viable in the ID of the procedures, so it can get powerful outcomes over the long haul. Moreover, it needs to recognize the requests and wants of its objective shoppers. The report features the issues of the organization and the hypotheses to be joined, for the advancement of the association. The organization needs to manage the customers all the more efficiently just as imaginatively. Clients love shocks; in this manner, it needs to present another scope of food in their menu. The report talks about the hypotheses and utilization of new thoughts just as distinguishing the master and non-pro crowds. Furthermore, it comprises of certain suggestions for managing the issues all the more successfully and proficiently. Distinguishing proof of the issue The Spice Sky eatery is a well known Indian café situated in the core of London. It has increased huge prevalence for its top notch administrations and a colossal scope of items. It has recorded an expansion in the deals since its opening. In any case, the deals dropped since the most recent a year because of certain issues. On distinguishing the issues, it was discovered that the organization had changed their menu a bit, which may be a significant disadvantage. So as to decrease their costs' structure, they expelled a few things just as drinks from their menu. Additionally, their limited time exercises are likewise less when contrasted with their rivals. The organization utilized a similar notice procedure for a long time. Their promoted their organization on the nearby radio and some other media, which is unmistakably not satisfactory. Welcoming a change on to this, the organization can receive various methodologies in their notice technique. Right off the bat, the organization needs to set up an unmistakable financial plan for their advancements. They can counsel an expert advertising director for this. Rather than offering promotions to the neighborhood radio, they can publicize their cafés on TV, with an imaginative touch and snappy tune. This will be increasingly effective and help in catching more eye of the purchasers (Nambisan and Baron 2013). Furthermore, it was discovered that the organization has just a single bulletin promotion and that too on the fundamental interstate. This should be changed right away. The organization needs to set up more board ads in the city itself. Not just Indians, it will help catch the eye of others as well. Thirdly, the organization should be carefully dynamic. Making a page on the informal communication locales will be significant and practical too. Be that as it may, the organization needs to enlist an individual for dealing with the sites and pages, which should be refreshed routinely. Limited time exercises, the presentation of limits and offers must be directed on all the promoting discussions. Web-based social networking destinations will likewise enable the organization to pick up criticisms from the shoppers. It will additionally enable the organization to increase a comprehension of the buyers conduct and desires from them (De Mooij 2013). In addition, the organization has expelled a few things from their menu, for decreasing the creation costs. All things considered, the eatery can present another scope of food things and drinks for taking into account their objective clients. It must be done in a viable way. The new scope of things must commendation the past ones. Recruiting new experts may help in such circumstances. They should be prepared regularly, so as to give their best of administrations to the clients. What's more, the organization should monitor their rivals, so as to check their promoting procedures. It is discovered that Spice Sky is missing behind in this. In one hand the organization needs to concentrate on their showcasing methodologies and on the other, they have to watch out for what their rivals are doing. Moreover, the organization should begin recruiting a few experts so as to manage these issues. The workers must be prepared all the time, for giving the best of administrations. Aside from all these, Spice Sky must realize how to deal with the serious condition. Clients love new things; consequently, the organization needs to monitor their practices and evolving requests. It very well may be finished by introducing input machines or tabs in the eatery itself. The clients can give their criticism just as proposals assuming any. This will help the proprietor in increasing a comprehension of what the buyers really need and why the deals are declining. In the event that the clients are confronting any issues with respect to the eatery's administrations, they should be urged to report it to the supervisory group. The supervisory group must deal with the issues with most extreme truthfulness and guarantee that such a circumstance doesn't occur in future. In addition, it was discovered that the organization doesn't have any unmistakable vision, which should be amended as quickly as time permits. So as to increase mass thankfulness, the organization needs to set up a dream and strategic, will help in accomplishing its objectives. ID of speculations In the current situation, it can unquestionably be said that the proprietor of the eatery is managing different issues in his association and much of the time those issues are promotion related and the administration related issues. It is seen that being one of the most rumored eatery in the downtown area of London, SpiceSky is losing business step by step. There has been a continuous decrease in the deals for most recent a year and the proprietor of the association at first idea that the issue is in the technique of promoting (Domenech, Rizov and Vecchi 2015). Later Ali, the proprietor of the association understood that the issue is in the outer working condition and that is hindering the development chances of the association. In this way it tends to be said that an intensive outer market examination must be done to find the issues behind the decrease in the productivity of the association. Accordingly a PESTLE examination, investigation of Porters five powers and an exhaustive ser ious investigation is finished. Use of speculations In this segment to recognize the fundamental outer impacts a PESTLE investigation is finished. Pestle examination Political: As the eatery proprietor was maintaining the business in the core of London for a serious long time and conveys phenomenal quality Indian food, it contributes a great deal to the travel industry of London, subsequently politically the association is in a very good position. The proprietor Ali doesn't need to confront any sorts of policy centered issues and it very well may be said that no danger can be seen politically for the association (Martnez and del Bosque 2013). Natural: As a dependable resident Ali ensures that all the waste result of his eatery ought to be kept a side and would be dumped in a protected spot to guarantee that the earth doesn't get influenced because of his business tasks. Aside from that, the association gets occupied with different sorts of CSR exercises and that is the reason the association has earned a notoriety in todays showcase (Martnez and del Bosque 2013). Social: The administration of the eatery gets occupied with different sorts of social exercises each end of the week they feed vagrants and they effectively take an interest in different social exercises like food celebrations for the unprivileged individuals of the general public, circulating food to the vagrants in various event and some more (Chen and Lin 2015). The administration of SpiceSky likewise began giving a rebate to the matured individuals and for these exercises the association picked up very great notoriety in the market of London. Innovative: The café SpiceSky didn't produce the ideal income throughout the previous a year and that is for the most part because of the administrations failure to adjust to the market changes. The association didn't put much in advanced advancement and online networking effort with the goal that the youthful age could discover them (Domenech, Rizov and Vecchi 2015). They just have a set client base and other than them they are neglecting to extend the client base just because of absence of mechanical adjustment in their business activity. Legitimate: The administration of café SpiceSky didn't ever damage any of the exchanging guidelines set by the legislature of United Kingdom and along these lines they don't have any danger from the lawful perspectives. Prudent: The association has a decent notoriety in the market of London, yet for many months the café is neglecting to create benefit and that is a tremendous matter of concern. The bewildering part is that the resta

The Chicago Bulls :: essays research papers

Why Are The Chicago Bulls So Good? Fourteen days prior, I was home viewing a Chicago Bulls game. I began to break down why the group had the best record in the association. Around nine years prior, the Chicago Bulls chosen Michael Jordan in the third pick of the school draft from North Carolina. A couple of years after the fact, the Bulls drafted Scottie Pippen from Focal Arkansas State and just as of late obtained Dennis Rodman from the San Antonio Spurs. After my conclusion, I reasoned that the Bulls have the three key components to win the title in 1996. The Bulls have Scottie Pippen the floor general, Michael Jordan the pioneer, and Dennis Rodman the rebounder. The Bull's floor general is Scottie Pippen, a player who has command over everything that occurs on the floor. Scottie Pippen is one of the most flexible and skilled player in ball. He can pass like a watchman, bounce back like a force forward, score like a shooting watchman, and run and hop like hardly any others. The floor general is imperative to the group since when the group is somewhere near two the floor general will consistently make the bushel to pull the group ahead. He too keeps the group centered and brings the more youthful players around. The pioneer is Michael Jordan, a player who everybody knows. Michael Jordan is the most unmistakable competitor on the planet. He isn't just the top player of his period however is very conceivable the best player ever to wear the uniform of a NBA group. What astonishes me about Michael is he was bad in school. He worked more diligently then any other player to get extraordinary, and his vocation details demonstrate that reality. Michael strolls on the court and shows others how its done. 90% of the time, Jordan will win. Without a pioneer, the group would not persevere through the end of the season games. The rebounder is Dennis Rodman, a player who accepts his position truly. He is a well known player around the class. Dennis is known for his different tattoos and beautiful haircuts. He is additionally extremely flashy and a windbag: by the by, the group couldn't win without him. The rebounder must interpretation of two jobs that no one needs. He should threaten the rival and get a specialized foul each game. The lead trainer of the <a href=http://www.

IELTS.org Essay Samples - Read the Sample Text and Start Writing

IELTS.org Essay Samples - Read the Sample Text and Start WritingIELTS.org essay samples provide a ready-made format for those who are not familiar with writing an essay on the English language. This format is one of the most common in the world today. Writing an essay on the IELTS exam is not an easy thing to do, but with the right guidelines and help you can master this tricky subject matter.If you have decided to write an essay on the English language and whether or not it is necessary, you must be prepared for what you will find. The written word is not as easy as it looks, but with a little practice and guidance you can become a master of the written word.Many people are only familiar with the written word and don't understand that it is an entirely different thing when compared to speaking the English language. When it comes to writing an essay on the English language the last thing you want to do is memorize verb conjugations. Reading a book with many sample essays can help you become more familiar with the English language and prepare you for the IELTS exam.Writing an essay on the English language is not as easy as reading a book with sample essays. For instance, if you are speaking English, you need to use the correct grammar in order to make your statement clear. An example would be if you were talking about a sports car, you might say 'The sports car comes in a red or black color and is one of the fastest cars'.When you are just reading through a book that has sample essays that outline the rules of grammar and you are not familiar with the language, your grammar can suffer and you may end up with a sentence that does not sound right or reads poorly. You might find yourself missing words or even making mistakes.Many people who have never taken the Englishlanguage and don't know how to write an essay usually rely on another person to help them out. This is not only a bad idea but it is also unfair to that person, since they are not familiar with how to spell, speak, or read the English language.By learning about the grammar rules of the English language, you can easily master the written language without having to spend time on memorizing phrases and grammar. You will be able to decipher what someone is trying to say by using their sentence structure. When you learn the rules of grammar, you can then begin writing essay samples that are grammatically correct.There are many books and guides on how to prepare for the IELTS test, and many of these tips include taking practice tests and writing sample essays on your own. Instead of wasting your time reading or practicing, why not go online and take a few practice tests that are given out by the test organizers?

FIFO and LIFO (Essay) - 825 Words

FIFO and LIFO (Essay Sample) Content: Name:Task:Tutor:Date:FIFO and LIFOFIFO and LIFO are methods of valuation of inventories, which have a direct impact on the income statement, cash flow statement and the balance sheet. FIFO stands for first-in first out while LIFO stands for last-in first-out. FIFO is an inventory control strategy, which assumes that the items that are purchased or produced first are the first to be sold (Charles, 2012 page 236). However, it does not mean that the oldest item is sold first but it is recorded as sold. An example is a company that receives 100 widgets in July and 150 widgets in August and sells 200 widgets in September, including 100 widgets received in August. LIFO is an inventory management strategy whereby the most recent item is recorded to be the first to be sold. During inflation, LIFO results into larger costs of sales that have a tendency of reducing the taxable income and hence reducing the tax. An example is a company that receives 100 widgets in July and 150 widgets in August and sells 200 widgets in September, including 50 widgets received in July. The difference between the value of the inventories computed by LIFO and FIFO techniques is known as the LIFO reserve (Warren et al, 2012 page 295).The company I chose for this topic is the Target Corporation. The corporation offers discounted merchandise products to the market. They offer the everyday essentials and the fashionable material to the customers. The annual 10-k annual reports contain the financial information that can depict the utilization of the LIFO or FIFO inventory management techniques. The financial statements of this company depict that their current fiscal year ended on February 2, 2013. The financial statements as at this date depict the use of the LIFO inventory management techniques. Most of the inventories of the corporation are accounted for by the retail inventory accounting method using the last in first out management technique. The old inventories are left to accumulate while the new inventories are sold into the market.The costs of the inventories the corporation incurs include the payments to suppliers for inventories, freight costs of shipping of the goods to the market, and the import costs. The inventory value is adjusted regularly to depict the market conditions. The shrink benefit is based upon the historical losses that are verified by the physical inventory counts. However, the changing economic situations affect the corporation inventory valuation. The economic changes include the change in the consumer demands, inflation, increasing competition and the changing guest preferences. According to the financial statements, the risks are largely mitigated because the inventories depict a turnover for every three months. As at February 2, 2013, the total inventories were valued at $ 7903000.The costs of sales also include the markdowns, payment term cash discounts, distribution center costs, and import costs. The inventory costs and the gross margins are calculated using the cost to retail ratio. The application of the RIM results in the reduced valuation of the inventories because the permanent markdowns reduce the value of inventories. Therefore, this has an effect of reducing the value of the inventories by increasing the cost of sales. This has an effect of decreasing the taxation to the company compared to 2011 fiscal year. This is caused by the increased cost of sales and thus causing a decreased amount of taxable income and hence decreased taxes. The LIFO technique used by the corporation, therefore, has an effect on the balance sheet by devaluing the inventories.The corporation value is reduced compared to when they would have used the FIFO technique. Therefore, the possibility of the company acquiring loans is reduced. I think the company utilizes this method to increase the earnings of the corporation using the reduction in taxation and hence valuation of returns. From the financial data, the earnings per share are elevated in the fiscal year 2012. This has the short-term effect of increasing the cost of sales but a long-term effect of increasing their income. The company viability at the stock market is likely to increase since their earnings per share are elevated. Therefore, the value of the corporation is likely to increase.Advantages of using LIFO over FIFOThe LIFO technique is an essential method if the corporation has an aim of reducing the taxes impounded to the taxable income. The cost of sales is likely to be increased and hence the taxable income reduces (Charles, 2012 page 236). The taxation on the reduced taxable income will also reduce. Upon better financial analysis, the expenses of the corporation will reduce and hence a probable increase in revenues. LIFO is also a good indicator of the current market situation. The method is also advantageous during deflation due to the reduced cost of sales. This has an effect of increasing inventories.Disadvantages of LIFO ov er FIFOLIFO is subject to many restrictions from the GAAS and IFRS compared to the FIFO, which has fewer restrictions. These are part of the USA...

French Direct Objects and Direct Object Pronouns

Direct objects are the people or things in a sentence that receive the action of the verb. To find the direct object in a sentence, ask the question Who? or What? Je vois Pierre. – I see Pierre. (Who do I see? – Pierre)Je mange le pain. – Im eating the bread. (What am I eating? – bread) Direct object pronouns are the words that replace the direct object to avoid repetition. If it werent for direct object pronouns, we would be saying things like Marie was at the bank today. When I saw Marie, I smiled. Instead, we usually say Marie was at the bank today. When I saw her, I smiled. The use of direct object pronouns makes sentences sound more natural. The Direct Object Pronouns The French direct object pronouns are: Me / m  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  meTe / t  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ youLe / l   Ã¢â‚¬â€œ him, itLa / l  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  her, itNous  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  usVous  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  youLes  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ them Me and te change to m and t, respectively, in front of a vowel or mute H. Le and la both change to l. Like indirect object pronouns, French direct object pronouns are placed in front of the verb. Je le mange. – Im eating it.Il la voit. – He sees her.  Je taime. – I love you.Tu maimes. – You love me. General Rules Four main constructions use the French neuter object pronoun. 1. To Replace or Refer to an Idea Contained in an Adjective, Noun, or Clause This is the case in the following examples: Si tu es  satisfait, je  le  suis aussi. – If youre  satisified, I am too.Êtes-vous  amà ©ricain?  Oui, je  le  suis. – Are you  American? Yes, I am.Il est  espion!  Non, il ne  lest pas. –  Hes a  spy!  No, hes not.Il taime. Jespà ¨re que tu  le  comprends. – He loves you. I hope you understand  that.  Ã‚  Je vais me venger. Je  le  jure! – ​I will get revenge. I swear  it! 2. In the Second Clause of a Comparison This is the case after  the words aussi,  autre,  autrement,  comme,  plus,  moins,  mieux. Note that the  ne  that shows up in the second clause of many of these examples is also optional. Il est plus  grand  que je ne  le  croyais. – Hes  taller  than I thought.Cela  vaut  moins que tu ne  le  penses. – Thats  worth  less than you think.Elle est  autre  quil ne  lespà ©rait. – Shes  different  than he hoped.Il nest pas aussi  stupide  quon  le  croit. – Hes not  as stupid  as people think.Ce nest pas gentil de  parler des autres  comme tu  le  fais. – Its not nice to  talk about others  like you do. 3. With Negative Expressions of Opinion and Desire: 'Ne Pas Penser,' 'Ne Pas Vouloir,' 'Ne Pas Croire' Va-t-il  venir?  Je ne  le  pense pas. – Is he going to come?  I dont think so.Allez,  viens  avec nous!  Je ne  le  veux pas. – Come on, come with us! I dont want to. 4. With the Verbs 'Croire,' 'Devoir,' 'Dire,' 'Falloir,' 'Oser,' 'Penser,'  'Pouvoir,'  'Savoir,'  'Vouloir' Comme vous  le  dites,  ce  nest pas juste. – As you say,  its not fair.Viens  quand tu  le  pourras. – Come  when you can.Il pourrait  aider  sil  le  voulait. –  He could  help  if he wanted to. Tips and Notes When a direct object precedes a verb conjugated into a compound tense such as the passà © composà ©, the past participle has to agree with the direct object.   If youre having trouble deciding between direct and indirect objects, the general rule is that if the person or thing is preceded by a preposition, that person is an indirect object. If its not preceded by a preposition, it is a direct object.

Similarities And Differences Between Jane Eyre And Matilda

Jane Eyre and Matilda are two classic novels that have been turned into theatre productions with very similar plots in ways. Jane Eyre and Matilda both feature an underprivileged, young lead female that escapes the harsh realities with the wonderful world of books and knowledge. Both tell the stories of young, independent women that never see themselves as victims, but overcome their unfortunate circumstances without sacrificing their self-worth and dignity. However, the ways in which two plays are turned into stage adaptions are very peculiar from one another. What makes the reproduction of renowned novels burdensome is the nature of contemporary theatrical production, which demands subtle and courageous adaptions to a worldly and†¦show more content†¦On the other hand, Jane Eyre is on the complete opposite spectrum by using minimal props and physical theatre, and requiring performers to play many parts in the simple, yet dynamic performance. Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre is known as a classic novel due to its disturbing, thrilling and intense love story between Jane and Mr. Rochester and dark secrets about former lovers. What put this novel above and beyond at its time was Bronte’s complex characters and Jane’s pursuit for independence and her ability to question authorities, which was unheard of. Bronte’s novel was a bold statement when published and this bold adaption of Jane Eyre is exactly what one would hope for after encountering the novel. The use of minimal props allows Bronte’s message that she conveyed in her novel to shine through by allowing for less distractions in these complex characters. However, the use of physical theatre can be very difficult to execute with certain aspects, and one of those is Pilot, Mr. Rochester’s friendly companion. In the performance, played by Paul Mundell, every time Mundell switched characters to Pilot a hushed chuckle would fill the walls of the theatre. In the nov el, Pilot’s protectiveness and obedience to Rochester are not as humorous as they were in the theatre. However, other aspects of the novel are enhanced beautifully from the novel with the use of physical

Classical Theory of Employment - 5251 Words

Project The Classical Theory Of Employment amd output The fundamental principle of the classical theory is that the economy is self-regulating. Classical economists maintain that the economy is always capable of achieving the natural level of real GDP or output, which is the level of real GDP that is obtained when the economys resources are fully employed. While circumstances arise from time to time that cause the economy to fall below or to exceed the natural level of real GDP, self-adjustment mechanisms exist within†¦show more content†¦Some workers will be rendered superfluous and will remain unemployed. The classical answer to the problem is that like all other goods and their prices workers’ wage rate should be cut or lowered so that the employers will be induced to employ more number of workers. The condition of full employment can then be restored if workers are agreed upon the wage cut solution. Thus flexible rate of wages is a classical approach to solve the problem of unemployment. It is possible that some workers may resist a cut in the wage rate and may remain unemployed. But according to the classical viewpoint such unemployment is only voluntary in nature. Moreover individual employers face excess supply of labor conditions. Therefore such unemployment is only temporary and partial in nature. With the acceptance of the law: Supply creates its own demand, there cannot be any prolonged, involuntary and general unemployment situation in the economy. The classical theory therefore rules out any general or widespread kind of unemployment. This sort of classical assertion is a result of the typical approach of the classicists to the capitalist free enterprise system. They believed in the self-equilibrating nature of such an economy. Even if there are any disturbances in the initial equilibrium conditions these are temporary and minor. Moreover, these can be cured automatically and spontaneously. There is an in-built flexibility in the supply and demand forces whi ch leads the economyShow MoreRelatedMacroeconomic Theories Of Macroeconomics And Classical Economics999 Words   |  4 Pagesthe two most general fields in economics. There are two major macroeconomic theories that economists use to describe the economy. Those theories are Keynesian and Classical. Each theory has a different approach to the economic study of monetary policies, consumer behaviors, and government spending. A few distinctions separate the two theories. Classical economics is the theory that free markets will restore full employment without government intervention. They believe that the markets function bestRead MoreThe Theory Of The Classical School1694 Words   |  7 Pages The classical school is one of the economic thoughts; the key assumption of this school is that the market system is the most efficient system in the sense that the unencumbered market mechanism ensures the optimal allocation and utilisation of scarce resources. They also believed that â€Å"Supply creates its own demand.† (The early debate on policy atavism) In other words, in the process of producing output, businesses would also create enough income to ensure that all of the output will be sold.Read MoreIntroduction. The Rising Unemployment Has Generated Challenges1381 Words   |  6 Pagescommunities. Unemployment involves a situation where people in a particular community are actively seeking employment but the employment rates are low. The increased rates of unemployment are contributed to by factors such as recession periods that adversely affects the economy. 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New Classical Macroeconomics is originally evolved from the school of Rational Expectations and monetarism. New classical Macroeconomics is also referred to the Macroeconomics of the rational expectations, or equilibrium method for Macroeconomics. New classical Macroeconomics abides by traditions of the classical economics and believes in the effectiveness of market forces. New classical MacroeconomicsRead MoreEconomic Studies: Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis793 Words   |  3 Pagesdifferent materials such as the government. Two very important economic theories include classical and Keynesian economics. They each have a specific approach on studying consumer behavior, monetary policy, and government spending. Classical economics began during and after the industrialization and was founded by David Ricardo where Friedrich von Hayek became a strong defender of this theory. The classical economic theory is known as free market also referred to as laissez-faire. This means itRead MoreThe Classical Economists and Keynes: the Debate on Government Policy Activism1189 Words   |  5 Pageseconomist John Maynard Keynes, and the classical economists of his time, whose economic foundations lay in Alfred Marshall’s seminal work, the Principles of Economic. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the classical economist’s non-activist view on unemployment, and Keynes’s critical response to the classical economist and his belief the government should play an activist role in combating unemployment. One of the most important tenets of classical economics is that market economies automatically

The Mechanical Characteristics Of Soft Tissue - 2254 Words

The mechanical characteristics of soft tissue are the basis for several clinical and nonclinical research studies, such as brain surgical simulation or breast needle biopsy (Kaster et al., 2011; O’Hagan Samani, 2009). Usually, anomalies found within the breast are investigated by palpation techniques, in which responses of soft tissue to large deformation are utilized (Goodson, 1996). Recent research on the mechanical properties of soft tissue under compressive load has revealed that tissues exhibit a linear stress-strain relationship at low strain and nonlinear behavior at high strain (Fung, 1993; Kaster et al., 2011; O’Hagan Samani, 2009; Tsukune et al., 2011). Some researchers have recommended mathematical models to describe the nonlinearity of soft tissue (Kaster et al., 2011; K Miller, 1999; O’Hagan Samani, 2009; Carolyn J Sparrey Keaveny, 2011). The importance of nonlinear responses of soft tissue to compressive load in clinical breast examination highlighted the need for launching a comprehensive study on the hyperelastic characterization of in-vitro and in-vivo soft tissues, to enhance clinical approaches including the detection of breast cancer. The observed mechanical behavior of different breast biopsy phantoms validated the statement proposed in several breast examination methods that breast fat, and glandular and cancerous tissues behave differently mechanically (O’Hagan Samani, 2008; Price et al., 2010). Moreover, there was a consistent correlationShow MoreRelatedThe Effect Of Soft Tissue Constituent Materials1422 Words   |  6 Pagesidentify the effect of soft tissue constituent materials in tissue classification for the application of breast cancer detection. Hyperelastic parameters may be essential in estimating large deformation in tissue for the purpose of surgical procedures such as breast brachytherapy. These properties of human soft tissue play a significant role in diagnosis, screening, and monitoring of cancer (O’Hagan Samani, 2009). On the other hand, elastography is based mainly on the concept of tissue reactions (linearRead MoreThe Effect Of Compression Over Bioimpedance Of Healthy Soft Tissue1658 Words   |  7 Pagescompression over bioimpedance of healthy soft tissue (in-vitro and in-vivo). Electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is a promising tissue characterization and tumor detection technique that uses tissue impedance or admittance to characterize tissue and identify tissue properties as well as cell structure. Variation in EIS measurements while applying pressure suggests that compression tends to affect soft tissue bioimpedance. Moreover, the displacements in tissue caused by applied compression may provideRead MoreThe Importance Of Gadils1181 Words   |  5 Pageslayers, the reaction between the alginate and the exuding wound forms a sodium calcium alginate gel (Horrocks Anand). The gel is hydrophilic in nature, permeable to oxygen, and impermeable to bacteria, and make a contribution to the creation of new tissue (Horrocks Anand). Gauze, lint, and wadding the other textile materials used for wound-dressing applications (Rajendran Anand, 2002). Gauze is an open-weave, absorbent fabric coated with paraffin wax and mainly used for the treatmentsRead MoreMatrigels : The Development Of ECM Biomaterials And Functions1171 Words   |  5 Pagescell-matrix interactions observed in vivo is important. ECM-like matrix systems could provide an appropriate niche and biological cues for accelerating the regeneration of tissues and organs.1 The cells and their respective surrounding ECM are needed in an engineered tissue, as their interactions are reciprocal.2 The cells within native tissue continuously remodel the ECM, induce microenvironment changes while environment regulate gene expression, and determine cell phenotype.2,3 Therefore, the challengeRead MoreHow Does It Works And How It Is Used2427 Words   |  10 Pagespalpation. This technique, among its several uses, allows to estimate changes in the mechanica l properties of tissue when the presence of a diseases is suspected. A typical use of this technique is in the breast cancer examination: the cancer is often revealed as a stiffening of glandular tissue, which would be normally soft. Even though palpation remains an important tool for clinicians, its limited use only to accessible tissue, its limited disease detectability and spatial discrimination, and the subjectivenessRead MoreThe Human Body And The Musculoskeletal System1041 Words   |  5 Pagesthe muscles and bones (Aldwin). These functions are essential to the mobility and strength of the adult population in order to preserve their quality of life. The two main age-related changes that are seen in this system pertain to the bones and soft tissues. Bone is the fundamental part of the musculoskeletal system because it provides structure and strength for the body. In order for proper functioning, the bone needs to absorb nutrients from the body; however, as a person increases in age, the intakeRead MoreKey Elements For Tissue And Organ Regeneration1830 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction Tissue engineering is an interdisciplinary approach that basically replaces, restore the function and regenerate the damaged cell or tissue using biological substitutes. Succinctly, extracellular matrix (ECM) in human tissue is a key element for tissue and organ regeneration. It provides a convenient environment for the cellular attachment, growth and migration stimulate by specific signals. This solid matrix has a complex mixture of structural and functional proteins that serve as aRead MoreHow Cooking Made Us Humans By Richard Wrangham1433 Words   |  6 Pagessystem, responsible for breaking down food, is an excellent factor that demonstrates evolution’s influence on humans’ genotype and phenotype. This can further be explained through the digestive system process. After the ingestion of cooked food, mechanical processing occurs. This is where organs such as teeth are responsible for the initial breakdown of food. It has been our ancestors adaptation to cooked food that has caused us to develop smaller jaws, mouth, and teeth over several generations whereasRead MoreExperiment Using Fluid Flow And Study The Loading Conditions At The Cellular Level Of A Tissue Essay1564 Words   |  7 Pages1 In the first part of our problem where we design an experiment using fluid flow to mimic and study the loading conditions at the cellular level of a tissue involved in our strength activity which is the squat, we decided to look at the endothelial cells that line the interior surface of the blood vessels along the rectus femoris muscle tissue. To do this, we used the parallel-plate flow chamber device. This device allows us to observe and analyze the shear stresses that the endothelial cells inRead MoreQuestions On Foundations Of Nursing1298 Words   |  6 Pagesefficiently at work. The arising matter in the nursing profession within Australia is called the musculoskeletal disorder (MSD). ‘MSD is the presence of discomfort or damage within the muscles, skeletal system, joints, connective tissues, associated nerves and or soft tissues’ (Smith Leggat, 2003). MSD also involves ‘lower back pains, spinal disk generation, disk prolapse, muscle tears and spinal fractur es causing pain continually or in a specific manner so it differs’ (Smith Leggat, 2003). This

Evaluating Capacity of Standard Investment Appraisal Methods

Question: Discuss about the Evaluating Capacity of Standard Investment Appraisal Methods. Answer: Introduction The business financing is a topic where the shareholders benefit is observed by maximising their wealth and also different Stakeholders are kept in mind while creation of funds. The investors are very much interested in the future earnings which can be achieved (Baxamusa, Mohanty and Rao, 2015). The investment appraising methods have come up to assess the managers in decision making and assessing the impacts of the potential investments. The finance is a system where businesses help with getting out its activities. It is necessary for both the new businesses as well as the existing businesses to carry out their business activities and support their operations. The business success is dependent on the usage of various tools linked with money such as when chatting from my credit score well debs. It is important that money is used in an efficient manner and the managers have to see how the funds can be generated effectively (Serguieva and Hunter, 2004). The money can be generated by the businesses through sales of their shares. Subsequent to that, the business works on acquiring more funds from its activities therefore it is significant that management decides about the spending off the money acquired. The current organisations carry out their businesses in all segments in all sizes relying on the decisions of financing the operations. There are different options available with the business for funding. Business financing is all related to making the decisions regarding what kind of investments that have to be made by the business and the best way is to finance these investments. Businesses usually make investment to words the real assets such as the buildings, plant and machinery, inventories, land, etc., even though they also make investments to words financial assets. The financial assets include buying of shares, other businesses, loan investments et cetera. There are individuals hired for managing these investments and carry out all the things which are essential for creating and selling the goods and services in which the business is involved (Kare and Herbst, 2014). So it is important for the business to decide about the kind, quantity of the fund to be raised and the select ion of investment to be done. The business finance studies the way these financial and investment decisions have to be created theoretically and how they are implemented practically. Methods of appraising investment decisions: Different methods can be utilised for investment appraisal. Out of these methods the net present value is vital method. It analyses the difference amount going flows and outflows of cash at the given point of time. The positive values show great outcomes however the other investments also need to be compared along with them. The finance and money linked assessments have been largely used as benchmarks for assessing other businesses performance. The monetary targets and assessments are and reviews are based on benchmarking as per the "most excellent in the industry" (Savvides, n.d.). This is the assessment of business performance and also tells how business has been utilising its financial resources and its capability of making further investments. It recognises the availability of net cash and improvements in the working capital that can be useful for the business. This methodology can be used by the firm when they find that a large amount of capital can be utilised in near future o r if they expect that their realised projects are getting completed. This method has funding to be limited to the most suitable structure of capital that means the level at which the businesses cost of capital will be minimised. This method is based on the discounted cash flow assessment. In this method the present value of every cash flow is discounted at the ventures cost of capital. There is an assumption mean that the cost of capital is already amended as per the risk. To carry out the net present value there is a need for summing up of each of the discounted cash flows. The business can see that amount achieve is the amount which would be generated by the project once the cost has been paid off and the needed return of capital has also been paid off. For making decisions regarding the net present value, if the project is independent then the project has to be accepted till the time the net present value is positive (Lumby and Jones, 2001). In case there are mutually dependent projects then the management has to make a choice among the projects and settle on the one which has the maximum net present value. There are various projects also related with this appraisal method because its key weakness is that the dimensional or level or size of the product is not evaluated and it only considers the amount of returns. Taking an example, NPV which is equivalent to hundred pounds is high for any project which also costs hundred pounds however if any project is costing around 1 million then this hundred pound would not be sufficient. The major benefit of this method is that it is a straightforward assessment of the pounds which can be gained from the project and there is clear-cut indication of what the shareholder can expect (Ro?hrich, 2014). This assessment is commonly used and keeps in mind the risk involved in the project by evaluation of the cost of capital. It also keeps in mind that time value of funds for the project therefore it is taken as one of the most suitable methods of appraisal. The capital budgeting decisions based on this method are usually the conceptually right ones This is a simple kind of assessment for calculating the rate of return from the project. This can be assessed by dividing the mean value of revenues by mean value of the total investments. While assessing the ARR, the revenues have to beutilisedand it has to be compare with the initial amount invested are expected amount of initial investment needed for the project. The selected projects are usually the ones which have the capability of a doing a superior rate of return to other ones. It is a technique where no discounted capital investment is considered because the time value of funds is not included. Usually the concept of this present method is applicable in any department or region where the management wants to choose out of range of projects. It is also useful for comparing the performance of different projects and subsidiaries in a business. There are a few limitations with this practice also however the major limitation is that it is excessively simple technique. This assessme nt method can be very less utilised by investors because investors feel cash flows are very significant however the non-cash charges are also included like amortisation charges, depreciation charges. It doesn't link with the reality that higher risk is there in making long run forecasting. It feels to keep in mind that time value of the finances and therefore many times this method is considered to be a flawed one. There have been cases when the outcomes attain from this method were different from other appraisal methods which had given correct outcome. Ultimately the highly beneficial aspect of this strategy is that it is excessively simple to estimate, simple to understand and also very quick to calculate. When lower risk is involved, it can be utilised to save time and energy. Payback Period Method This method finds out the number of years which will be involvedforrecovering the primary cost of investing. There are cumulative net cash flows forecasted which are the basis for calculating the payback period. This method is used by managementbyfinding out the smallest payback period. Whenever there is a dilemma of accepting any of the projects, the business managers have to initially find out the benchmark payback period. In case the payback period is lower than this benchmarking then the finance manager can go ahead and give acceptance to the project (McCormick, Shuttleworth and Chen, 2006). However in case this paying back period is more than the benchmarking then there has to be rejection given to that project. This investment appraisal method also has a major limitation that it also does not consider the time value of cash. Once the payback period is asserting after that the cash flow is ignored therefore the salvage value is also a good mood. The major advantage of this appra isal method is that it is effective in calculating the liquidity and risk of the project. They ministers can use this as a way of getting additional prospective to find out how soon they can recover the initial investments they have made. This appraisal method is the rate of discount which provides witha worth of zero to NPV. Out of the entire set of capital investment appraisal methods, IRR is usually seen as way to assess the effectiveness of the capital venture. So in case the capital investment in business is computed as more than the IRR value, the venture is extremely possible to be discarded. A lesser cost of capital has extra likelihood of being allowed. There are different methods used like modified internal rate of return (MIRR), APV (Adjusted Present Value), profitability indexing, Equivalent accounting etc. MIRR doesn't actually provide with the yearly profitability of the invested capital because it doesn't keep in mind the intermediate tree flow of cash which is by no means reinvested equal to the internal rate of return of the project (Mekonnen Akalu, n.d.). So the internal rate of return a present method is also not very efficient because the real rate of return will definitely be lesser. This kind of limitation is undertaken by a better technique known as MIRR. Conclusion Each of the above stated capital investment appraisal methods are applied to rank the projects. Generally, firms have lots of projects that are appraised at the same time for making finance decisions. As the initial appraisal of a project is finished, it is evaluated and ranked in opposition to remaining projects. The projects under review are ranked as of having more Profitability index to least of it. The superior ranked projects are generally executed subsequent to cautious and comprehensive due diligence. References Baxamusa, M., Mohanty, S. and Rao, R. (2015). Information Asymmetry about Investment Risk and Financing Choice. Journal of Business Finance Accounting, 42(7-8), pp.947-964. Kare, D. and Herbst, A. (2014). Determination of the maximum investment in a capital project. Project Appraisal, 10(4), pp.261-265. Lumby, S. and Jones, C. (2001). Fundamentals of investment appraisal. 1st ed. London: Thomson Learning. McCormick, R., Shuttleworth, J. and Chen, S. (2006). Environmental assessment of Canadian trade and investment negotiations. Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal, 24(4), pp.317-324. Mekonnen Akalu, M. (n.d.). Evaluating the Capacity of Standard Investment Appraisal Methods: Evidence from the Practice. SSRN Electronic Journal. Ro?hrich, M. (2014). Fundamentals of investment appraisal. 1st ed. Berlin: De Gruyter Oldenbourg. Savvides, S. (n.d.). Risk Analysis in Investment Appraisal. SSRN Electronic Journal. Serguieva, A. and Hunter, J. (2004). Fuzzy interval methods in investment risk appraisal. Fuzzy Sets and Systems, 142(3), pp.443-466.

The War Of The Worlds Monologue Essay Example For Students

The War Of The Worlds Monologue Essay A monologue from the novel by H. G. Wells NOTE: This monologue is reprinted from The War of the Worlds. H.G. Wells. London: Heinemann, 1898. ARTILLERYMAN: This isn\t a war. It never was a war, any more than there\s war between man and ants. There\s the ants builds their cities, live their lives, have wars, revolutions, until the men want them out of the way, and then they go out of the way. That\s what we are nowjust ants. After Weybridge I went souththinking. I saw what was up. Here\s intelligent things, and it seems they want us for food. First, they\ll smash us upships, machines, guns, cities, all the order and organisation. All that will go. At present we\re caught as we\re wanted. A Martian has only to go a few miles to get a crowd on the run. And I saw one, one day, out by Wandsworth, picking houses to pieces and routing among the wreckage. But they won\t keep on doing that. So soon as they\ve settled all our guns and ships, and smashed our railways, and done all the things they are doing over there, they will begin catching us systematic, picking the best and storing us in cages and things. That\s what they will st art doing in a bit. Lord! They haven\t begun on us yet. Don\t you see that? Cities, nations, civilisation, progressit\s all over. That game\s up. We\re beat. There won\t be any more blessed concerts for a million years or so; there won\t be any Royal Academy of Arts, and no nice little feeds at restaurants. They ain\t no further use. Those who mean to escape their catching must get ready. I\m getting ready. I\m going on, under their feet. I\ve been thinking about the drains. Of course those who don\t know drains think horrible things; but under this London are miles and mileshundreds of milesand a few days rain and London empty will leave them sweet and clean. The main drains are big enough and airy enough for anyone. Then there\s cellars, vaults, stores, from which bolting passages may be made to the drains. And the railway tunnels and subways. Eh? You begin to see? And we form a bandable-bodied, clean-minded men. We\re not going to pick up any rubbish that drifts in. All thesethe sort of people that lived in these houses, and all those damn little clerks that used to live down that waythey\d be no good. They haven\t any spirit in them. I\ve seen them skedaddle off to workhundreds of \em, bit of breakfast in hand, running wild and shining to catch their little season-ticket train, for fear they\d get dismissed if they didn\t; skedaddling back for fear they wouldn\t be in time for dinner. Lives insured and a bit invested for fear of accidents. And on Sundaysfear of the hereafter. As if hell was built for rabbits! Well, the Martians will just be a godsend to these. Nice roomy cages, fattening food, careful breeding, no worry. After a week or so chasing about the fields and lands on empty stomachs, they\ll come and be caught cheerful. They\ll be quite glad after a bit. They\ll wonder what people did before there were Martians to take care of them. And the bar loafers, and mashers, and singersI can imagine them. Very likely these Martians will make pets of some o f them; train them to do trickswho knows?get sentimental over the pet boy who grew up and had to be killed. And some, maybe, they will train to hunt us. No, we have to invent a sort of life where men can live and breed, and be sufficiently secure to bring the children up. We don\t know enough. We\ve got to learn before we\ve got a chance. And we\ve got to live and keep independent while we learn. See! That\s what has to be done. And when we do learnJust imagine this: four or five of their fighting machines suddenly starting offHeat-Rays right and left, and not a Martian in \em. Not a Martian in \em, but menmen who have learned the way how. It may be in my time, eventhose men. Fancy having one of them lovely things, with its Heat-Ray wide and free! Fancy having it in control! What would it matter if you smashed to smithereens at the end of the run, after a bust like that? I reckon the Martians\ll open their beautiful eyes! Can\t you see them, man? Can\t you see them hurrying, hurryin gpuffing and blowing and hooting to their other mechanical affairs? Something out of gear in every case. And swish, bang, rattle, swish! Just as they are fumbling over it, SWISH comes the Heat-Ray, and, behold! man has come back to his own. .ubdef28e397e7e9a7f33759a2c1d2512c , .ubdef28e397e7e9a7f33759a2c1d2512c .postImageUrl , .ubdef28e397e7e9a7f33759a2c1d2512c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ubdef28e397e7e9a7f33759a2c1d2512c , .ubdef28e397e7e9a7f33759a2c1d2512c:hover , .ubdef28e397e7e9a7f33759a2c1d2512c:visited , .ubdef28e397e7e9a7f33759a2c1d2512c:active { border:0!important; } .ubdef28e397e7e9a7f33759a2c1d2512c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ubdef28e397e7e9a7f33759a2c1d2512c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ubdef28e397e7e9a7f33759a2c1d2512c:active , .ubdef28e397e7e9a7f33759a2c1d2512c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ubdef28e397e7e9a7f33759a2c1d2512c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ubdef28e397e7e9a7f33759a2c1d2512c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ubdef28e397e7e9a7f33759a2c1d2512c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ubdef28e397e7e9a7f33759a2c1d2512c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ubdef28e397e7e9a7f33759a2c1d2512c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ubdef28e397e7e9a7f33759a2c1d2512c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ubdef28e397e7e9a7f33759a2c1d2512c .ubdef28e397e7e9a7f33759a2c1d2512c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ubdef28e397e7e9a7f33759a2c1d2512c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Revolutionary War was an enormous part of Amer Essay

The policy process and outcome for privatization of prisons in the United States of America

Introduction The concept of decision making is unquestionably critical with respect to studying and understanding the procedure through which policies are both developed and implemented. A debate has ensued regarding the relative advantages of a rationalistic model in comparison to incremental approach of decision making in the public policy making process.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The policy process and outcome for privatization of prisons in the United States of America specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Nonetheless, knowledge about the weaknesses of rational decision making in institutions has wielded a considerable sway on the direction of the sociologically-based efforts in the sphere of organizational analysis (Smith May 1980, p.197). It is against this backdrop that this paper will analyze the policy process and outcome for privatization of prisons in the United States of America using both the ratio nalist approach and the Incrementalist approach. Models of decision making The Rationalistic Approach The decision making process under the rationalistic model is based on the following four elements: A search procedure to ascertain goals. Devising objectives after search. Selecting (strategies) approaches to carry out objectives. Appraising the outcomes (Smith May 1980, p.198). It is important to mention that rationalistic model is broadly viewed as a conception with respect to the manner in which all types of decisions are and ought to be made. In other words, an actor discerns a dilemma, states a goal, considers alternative strategies available and selects the best alternative with respect to their respective advantages (Fischer, Miller Sidney 2007, p. 173). Nonetheless, the rationalistic model has been criticized extensively. First, the rationalist approach is deemed as being parochial. The model ignores a number of political variables that constrains the amount of alternati ves available with respect to the power of related vested interests. Many decision makers within the policy settings work in environments with numerous limits. As a result, they do not have the liberty to assess all possible alternatives and are obliged to shortlist alternatives that are obviously not the best ones (Smith May 1980, p.198). Second, the rationalistic model is perceived to be value biased. For example, in an organizational perspective, the rationalistic approach is indicted of favouring senior managers over junior staff whose valuable inputs are neglected. Third, the approach is perceived as extremely inflexible in drawing sharp differences between facts and values, ends and means, and values and decisions. What is regarded as a fact is particularly determined by the values and interests of the parties involved (Smith May 1980, p.198).Advertising Looking for essay on public administration? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Le arn More According to Smith and May (1980), the rationalistic model is finally accused of being unrealistic (p. 200). Even when computer technology is employed to re-examine and appraise all feasible solutions to a problem so as to choose the best strategy, the resources used to carry out the search usually surpass the savings realized by adopting the preferred strategy. This is one of the problems that the policy makers encounter in making a decision on whether or not to commission research (Smith May 1980, p. 200). Incrementalist Approach The Incrementalist model has also been a subject of condemnations. The model is censured for being old-fashioned because it only addresses short-term and counteractive change and underpins inertia. Nevertheless, it is deemed as valid approach in circumstances where the outcomes of the current policies are generally acceptable and if the nature of the dilemma is somewhat stable. In addition, the model is considered appropriate if the means for addressing the dilemma are incessantly present. The Incrementalist model is also censured for being unfair because excellent decisions are considered subject to their suitability in a given context but not on the basis of their ranking on a specified objective assessment criterion. Consequently, this model is believed to be in favour of the interest of the political elite at the expense of the interests of the disadvantaged and politically disorganized (Smith May 1980, p.201). The policy process Any discourse regarding the public policy process must lend emphasis on the nature of power in the state as well as propositions regarding who wields power. This means that both the public policy process and political process are closely related. For example, in an attempt to explain the meaning of political analysis, Smith and May (1980) asserts that politics should be defined in such a manner to include the entire social sphere (p. 201). The repercussion of this definition is that practic es, processes and events should not be branded as extra-political or non-political merely on the basis of the specific framework in which they take place. All practices, processes and events that take place within the social field can be political and thus subject to political analysis (Smith May 1980, p. 201). Sociology is another discipline that plays an integral role in understanding the policy process. It can be argued that the sociology of organizations plays a vital role in understanding the policy process that takes place within organizations. The sociology of organizations is especially an integral sphere with respect to the analysis of the conversion of policy into action as well as investigating issues related to the actions of employees within complex organizations (Smith May 1980, p.201). Privatization of prisons in the United States Privatization of prisons is a general concept that describes a government policy whereby one or several prisons operations are outsourced to private sector. The policy may entail outsourcing some aspects relevant to constructing a new prison such as finance, construction and design.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The policy process and outcome for privatization of prisons in the United States of America specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In some circumstances, the private organization may possess the facility for a period of time. Under this situation, the private firm receives payment from the government to run the prison as well as the operating costs of the detention facility. Usually, the government put the prison out to tender once it opts to privatize a detention facility. The length of a contract for prison management typically range between five and 20 years and it spells out the services to be offered and the expected quality of those services. The management cost to be paid under the contract typically embraces a performance-based fee. T he contract usually stipulates a range of other issues including insurance and indemnities, reporting and record keeping obligations, staff enrolment, compliance with policies and laws, and suspension and termination of the contract (Roth 2004, p.3). The concept of prison privatization started in mid 1980s in the US and was swiftly adopted by other countries. According to Jing (2006), privatization of prison refers to the transfer of inmates to privately managed detention facilities subject to an agreement whereby the outsourced inmates are lawfully and fiscally subject to states but are directly incarcerated in private prisons (p.158). Currently, there are well over 100 private prisons in the US. What’s more, the US has the largest number of inmates in private prisons (approximately 94,000 prisoners) although this figure represents only 7% of the entire population of inmates in the country (Roth 2004, p.5). Circumstance in which private prisons emerged in the US The policy r elated to the privatization of prisons in the United States started as a result of an emergency in the country’s penal system in the early 1980s (Chang Thompkins 2002, p. 45). During a phase of unparalleled growth in the population of inmates, (mainly as a result of sound policies and laws such as the war on drugs), detention facilities across the nation became congested. Congestion resulted in inhumane conditions in old detention facilities. As a result, many prisoners initiated legal proceedings against the government. Federal Courts ruled in favour of the inmates because they found the conditions of imprisonment in many detention facilities across the nation to be inhumane. Consequently, the Courts directed state governments to rectify the problem (Roth 2004, p.7). While state government were under immense pressure to remedy the situation, they did not have adequate resources to construct new prisons. Under this environment, many states had to consider other alternatives and the private sector reacted to this need in the shape of privately owned firms that specialize in the construction and administration of detention facilities.Advertising Looking for essay on public administration? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Thus, many states deemed the private sector as a smart solution because the state would avoid the problem of raising extra capital if a private firm funded, built and managed a new detention facility (Lundahl Kunz 2009, p.383; Chang Thompkins 2002, p.45). What’s more, many states assumed that the private sector could construct new detention facilities faster and cheaper and thereby generate savings in operational outlays (Roth 2004, p.8; Medina 2010, p.4). It is important to mention that the penal crisis was taking place at a period of key political and ideological development. For example, privatization was a predominant concept on the political agenda of the New Right. What’s more, there was an escalating interest in privatization across the country. For instance, a certain US official commented that any proposal could develop into a policy if it carried the tag privatization (Roth 2004, p.8). However, the drive towards privatization of prisons in the US attracted severe criticisms from the public and media. For instance, a nationwide discourse ensued about the desirability, propriety and legality of privatized prisons. In addition, a number of criminal justice professional groups (i.e. the National Sheriff’s Association, the American Bar Association and the American Correctional Association) opposed this move (Roth 2004, p.9). The principal mode used by the government for outsourcing private prison has been for the state to make a decision on whether or not outsource for certain services such as beds required for state prisons. The government then looks for a supplier willing to supply these beds. Nonetheless, another trend has emerged whereby a number of private companies have taken the risk of constructing private detention facilities without first securing any guarantee of inmates from corrections agencies Chang Thompkins 2002, p.45. Once the facility is constructed, the private firm advertises their new detention facility to corr ections departments found throughout the United States. In essence, these privately constructed detention centres are basically a national market because they can hold inmates from different state corrections departments (Roth 2004, p.24; Chang Thompkins 2002, p.45). Privatization of prisons in the United States was brought about by political transformations that started in late 1960s. It is worthy to note that political factors directly swayed privatization of prisons and indirectly swayed it by producing economic and pragmatic inducements. In addition, neo-liberalism and conventional social control were the two main political catalysts with autonomous sway on privatization of prisons. Nonetheless, they were both grounded in the conservative practice and its renaissance between late 1960s and early 1970s as a reaction to the socio-economic disasters. For instance, the two proposals by President Reagan â€Å"get tough on crime† and â€Å"get government off our backs, out of our pockets† (Jing 2006, p.161) depicted the importance of conservatism doctrine. These political inclinations have restructured the context and tasks, and consequently the manner in which detention systems in the US are managed. For example, the emergence of conventional social control represented a notion of state expansion. Conventional social control designates the reason of an offense to individual rational choice as opposed to undesirable social environment. This viewpoint emphasizes a punishment-based custodial state as a principal form of crime management and resorts to the employment of comprehensive criminalization, harsh prison terms as well as correctional management thereby eliminating the moral and political impediments of prison privatization. In spite of declining crime rates, new criminal justice policies embraced the upsurge of inmate populations. Consequently, these policies brought about functional problems of correctional systems such as increased budgeti ng pressures and unconstitutional congestion (Jing 2006, p.161). The incessant decline in the gap between detention rate and crime/arrest rates can be attributed to the severe post-detainment state actions (imposition and administration of sentence). Prior to 1970s, the liberal justice practice prevailed whereby the government pursued the rehabilitative goal of translating law offenders into law abiders. Afterwards, the United States justice system was slowly converted to a determinate system. The emergence of conservatism in crime management was demonstrated by methodical efforts to widen the range of criminalization as well as toughening law enforcement. For example, Anti-drug Abuse Act [1986] was enacted to combat drug related offenses. It is important to mention that this Act alone accounted for 55% of federal inmates in 2001. In addition, the Comprehensive Crime Control Act [1984] stipulated fixed minimum prison terms for some offenses, particularly drug and violence-related cr imes. What’s more, several states enacted three-strike decrees to deal with recidivism. Furthermore, in 2000, approximately 29 states had approved the federal truth-in-sentencing standards in order to reduce discretionary release of lawbreakers. Consequently, the release rate of inmates declined from 37% to 31% between 1990 and 1998 whereas the mean time prison term increased from 22 months to 28 months during the same period (Schneider 1999, p.199). Therefore, politicization of criminal justice policies from late 1960s transferred crime control policies to the justice system. In addition, it provided the impetus for state governments to privatize prisons in order to reduce congestion in the old detention facilities (Jing 2006, p.162). The emergence of neoliberal policies that encouraged a nominal and an indirect state is another key political phenomenon that precipitated the surge toward privatization of prisons in the US (Flynn Cannon 2009, p. 3). It deserves merit to ment ion that neoliberal economic policies were first adopted by the government in early 1970s in reaction to crises such as economic slump, high interest rates, inflation and oil shocks. The mainstay of neo-liberalism is an array of economic policies that redefine the relationship between the state and society with reliable backing of a market-oriented state and economy such as decentralization, retrenchment, privatization, deregulation and rule of the market. In light of the enormous prison economy it faced, the neoliberal US government wanted to restructure both its distributive as well as redistributive expenses (Jing 2006, p.162). First, neoliberal principles compelled states to reassign detention-related government costs to the private sector. The prudence to dispense the newly dispensed public expenses to private prisons offered an ideal chance for the government to control the growth of direct correctional official procedure. What’s more, privatization offered an ideal cha nce for political elites to create an assimilated market of correctional labour, vitiate correctional unions and compensate or fragment political coalitions. In addition, neoliberal correctional restructuring eliminated welfare from correctional system thereby minimizing correctional expenses (Jing 2006, p.162). Thus, privatization of prisons reunited the conflict between the nominal, non-intrusive state function across neo-liberalism policy areas and the liberal function of government in social control under social conventionalism. In essence, privatization of prisons improved the state’s punishing capacity as well as minimizing the role of the state in direct management of punishment (Flynn Cannon 2009, p. 3). In nutshell, political variables were the fundamental impetuses behind privatization of detention facilities in the US whereas instrumental aspects had a direct sway on the privatization of prisons. The corrective tendency in crime management generated demand for cor rections whereas neoliberal economic policies favoured market as an alternative strategy of satisfying the demand. Thus, prison dilemmas, frequently represented through instrumental predicaments (i.e. financial difficulties and congestion), were deeply entrenched in politics and their answers were extremely conditioned by political perspectives (Jing 2006, p.163). Evaluation of policy outcome for prison privatization Abt Associates Inc report In 1997, the United States Congress directed the Attorney general to carry out an inquest into prison privatization. The Attorney General was also expected to reassess relevant legal issues as well as comparative investigation of the cost efficiency and viability of public and private sector, local government and state operations of corrections and prisons programs across all security levels. Consequently, Abt Associates Inc was commissioned to carry out the study (Roth 2004, p.88). This section will discuss the findings in the report in terms of the relative costs and quality of prison privatization in the United States. With respect to whether privatization of correctional facilities saves money, the report stated that in some cases, outsourcing of prison services to private sector saves the taxpayers money. Nonetheless, there are some nominal disparities. Some of these noticeable disparities may not represent real savings but may rather be accounting relics, particularly those related to lower projected outlays of government operational costs (Roth 2004, p.88). Other noticeable sources of saving in several states represent inferior expenditure for inmate health care as well as other areas of facility operations such as inferior earnings for junior employees in a number of jurisdictions. Thus, with respect to savings and costs, the report concluded that a limited number of current studies provide insufficient proof of any broad pattern. Several states may be eager to pay soaring costs for private detention if they requi re beds to resolve short-term deficits. In other states, costs for outsourcing may undeniably be lower compared to direct public imprisonment. Nevertheless, the report found that it was hard to determine savings and costs on the basis of the postulations made by the analyst as well as the limited data available (Roth 2004, p.89). Bureau of Justice Assistance report In 2001, the Bureau of Justice Assistance prepared a report on emerging issues on private prisons using the findings of a number of studies carried out in the United States. The report evaluated prior studies done on the cost benefits of private prisons. In summary, the report concluded that the cost benefits of prison privatization had not occurred to the level guaranteed by the private sector. Although there are some instances where prison privatization resulted in cost savings, numerous other cases demonstrates that such savings have not been achieved. With respect to previous studies, the report concluded that the bes t study that could be relied upon was the Tennessee study that demonstrated minimal disparities with regard to cost savings (Roth 2004, p.90). Therefore, the Bureau of Justice Assistance report revealed that the private sector had merely imitated the techniques employed by the public sector with regard to prison management and staffing. It appears that the only effort made by the private sector was to trim down the expenses associated with the inmate management model used by the public sector. This means that the private sector was probably employing a more competent model that basically imitated the one used by the public sector. The report did not find any adequate data to substantiate the notion that prisons managed by the private sector generated cost benefits compared to prisons managed by the public sector. On a similar note, there were no authoritative facts to substantiate the claim that the quality of imprisonment and prisoner services in private detention facilities was be tter than those in publicly operated facilities. It thus appears that private detention centres can function in a similar fashion as publicly operated prisons for some types of prisoners such as minimum security (Roth 2004, p.90). A national Survey of state prison privatization A national survey of state prison privatization was also carried out in 1997 and involved 65 private detention facilities in the United States. The purpose of this study was compare and contrast private and public detention facilities on a number of issues deemed to be vital pointers regarding the efficacy and efficiency of privatization of state prisons. The findings of this survey suggested that private prisons were not significantly different from public prisons with three critical exceptions. First, the rate of major confrontations between prison staff and inmates was higher in private prisons than in public prisons. Second, the number of employees enlisted by privately managed facilities is about 15% low er compared to the number of employees enlisted by publicly operated confinement centres. Third, private prison centres seem to lack management information system (MIS) competences. The report also found that private prisons frequently encountered management problems due to lack of qualified staff in important positions. The escalating rates of misconduct from prisoners at private detention facilities was attributed to the enlistment of scantly trained and inexperienced staff (Roth 2004, p.91). References Chang, T Thompkins, D 2002, ‘Corporations go to prisons: The expansion of corporate power in the correctional industry’, Labour Studies Journal, vol. 22, pp. 45-69. Fischer, F, Miller, G Sidney, M 2007, Handbook of Public Policy Analysis: Theory, Politics and Methods, CRC Press, London. Flynn, M Cannon, C 2009, The Privatization of Immigration Detention: Towards a Global View, The Graduate Institute, Geneva. Jing, Y 2006, ‘Prison privatization in the US: A stu dy of causes and magnitude’, Chinese Publicly Affairs Quarterly, vol. 2 no. 2, pp. 157-183. Lundahl, B Kunz, C 2009, ‘Prison Privatization: A Meta-analysis of cost and quality of confinement indicators’, Research on Social Work Practice, vol. 19 no. 4, pp. 383-394. Medina, B 2010, Constitutional Limits to Privatization: The Israeli Supreme Court Decision to Invalidate Prison Privatization, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel. Roth, L 2004, Privatisation of Prisons, NSW Parliamentary Library Research Service, New South Wales. Schneider, A 1999, ‘Public-Private Partnerships in the U.S. Prison System’, The American Behavioural Scientist, vol. 43 no. 1, pp. 192-208. Smith, G May, D 1980, ‘The artificial debate between rationalist and incremental models of decision making’, Policy and Politics, vol. 8, pp.197-211. This essay on The policy process and outcome for privatization of prisons in the United States of America was written and submitted by user Jazmin Lott to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Strategies and Techniques Used by Students in Writing an Assessment Paper

The Strategies and Techniques Used by Students in Writing an Assessment PaperIf you are trying to write a community assessment paper, you might be wondering if the strategies and techniques you have learned so far will be enough. The answer is yes. You can develop and utilize strategies and techniques you have learned in this article to write the community assessment paper that will help you earn a passing grade and make an informed decision about entering a community college. As with all of your other assessments, the strategies and techniques you learn here will enable you to customize the tools you need to get the results you want for the community college admissions essay.Writing an essay on what you know about the area you will be attending college is an effective strategy. In this essay, you need to use every strategy and technique you have learned about studying in the academic community college. This strategy can also be applied to your community college tests. What you need to do is to use the strategies and techniques you have learned about writing tests.There are four types of essay. What you need to do is to use each type of essay technique to your advantage. I will give you examples in a minute. The first type of essay is a thesis essay. You must learn how to write a thesis essay.The second type of essay is called an overview essay. You must learn how to write an overview essay to use the strategies and techniques you have learned about writing an overview essay. Third type of essay is a non-academic essay. You must learn how to write a non-academic essay. Fourth type of essay is a managerial essay.The best strategy for writing a non-academic essays is to use the strategy of writing a concise summary of what you know about the area that you will be attending college. You can use the essay technique you have learned about studying in the academic community college. Use the strategies and techniques you have learned about writing an overview essay to your advantage. If you would like to read more about the four types of essays, here is a link to my eBook.How will you know if your student's community college needs assessment paper or a test? You can do an assessment paper yourself. You must find out if the guidelines on the application to your community college have been followed. To do this, you must use the strategy of using strategies and techniques you have learned about writing a test.What you need to do is to use the strategies and techniques you have learned about writing an essay to your advantage to get the results you want. If you follow these strategies and techniques, you will be able to do a good job in developing a well-written essay for your student's community college admissions essay. These strategies and techniques can be applied to any student, you are preparing to teach in an academic community college. In fact, I guarantee you that any student who uses these strategies and techniques will be able to gain a h igher grade for their work than students who don't.

Letter Writing - Definition and Examples

Letter Writing s Letter writing is the exchange of written or printed messages. Distinctions are commonly drawn between personal letters (sent between family members, friends, or acquaintances) and business letters (formal exchanges with businesses or government organizations). Letter writing occurs in many forms and formats, including notes, letters, and postcards. Sometimes referred to as hard copy or snail mail, letter writing is often distinguished from forms of computer-mediated communication (CMC), such as email and texting. In his book Yours Ever: People and Their Letters (2009), Thomas Mallon identifies some of the subgenres of the letter, including the Christmas card, the chain letter, the mash note, the bread-and-butter letter, the ransom note, the begging letter, the dunning letter, the letter of recommendation, the unsent letter, the Valentine, and the war-zone dispatch. Observations The test, I think, of a good letter is a very simple one. If one seems to hear the person talking as one reads the letter, it is a good letter.(A.C. Benson, Letter-Writing. Along the Road, 1913)The art of beautiful letter writing has declined with our supposed advances, [Alvin Harlow] lamenteda cry we have been hearing ever more often in the eighty years since his book appeared. Those of us with a strong inclination toward the past must remember that, to its early writers, the handwritten or even chiseled letter must itself have seemed a marvel of modernity, and surely, even in Queen Atossas time, there were those who complained that letter writingby its nature a virtual activitywas cutting down on all the face time that civilized Persians had previously enjoyed.(Thomas Mallon, Yours Ever: People and Their Letters. Random House, 2009)Literary CorrespondenceThe age of the literary correspondence is dying, slowly but surely electrocuted by the superconductors of high modernity. This ex piration was locked into a certainty about 20 years ago; and although William Trevor and V.S. Naipaul, say, may yet reward us, it already sounds fogeyish to reiterate that, no, we wont be seeing, and we wont be wanting to see, the selected faxes and emails, the selected texts and tweets of their successors.(Martin Amis, Philip Larkins Women. The Guardian, October 23, 2010) Historical RecordsSo much of what we know of the world stems from private letters. Our principal eyewitness account of Vesuvius derives from a letter from Pliny the Younger to the Roman historian Tacitus. Our knowledge of the Roman world has been hugely enriched by the discovery in the early 1970s of inky messages on oak and birch discovered not far from Hadrians Wall in Britain. The letters of Henry VIII to Anne Boleyn and of Napoleon to Josephine show infatuation, weakness and angeruseful additions to rounded character portraits. The list carries on to the present day, with recently collected correspondence by Paul Cezanne, P.G. Wodehouse and Christopher Isherwood adding nuance to influential lives.(Simon Garfield, The Lost Art of Letter-Writing. The Wall Street Journal, November 16-17, 2013)The Future of Letter WritingAll communication is human-madebased upon some form of technology. It is not that some forms of communication are free from technology but rather that all modes of c ommunication are based upon a complex relationship between the current cultural practices and the material resources necessary to support the technology. . . .Though CMC [computer-mediated communication] may, for those with access, replace letters as a means of rapid personal communication [the] lack of material fixity ensures a continued role for letters. By making a physical mark in the process of communication, letters for the moment support a number of social practices and conventions where authorship, authenticity and originality need to be ensured (e.g. in legal or business interactions).(Simeon J. Yates, Computer-Mediated Communication: The Future of the Letter? Letter Writing as a Social Practice, ed. by David Barton and Nigel Hall. John Benjamins, 2000) Jail MailIn prisons across the country, with their artificial pre-Internet worlds where magazines are one of the few connections to the outside and handwritten correspondence is the primary form of communication, the art of the pen-to-paper letter to the editor is thriving. Magazine editors see so much of it that they have even coined a term for these letters: jail mail.(Jeremy W. Peters, The Handwritten Letter, an Art All but Lost, Thrives in Prison. The New York Times, Jan. 7, 2011)Electronic Letter-WritingWhen I sift through my past weeks electronic in-box, I find easily half a dozen messages that qualify as letters in every traditional sense. They are coherently structured, written with care and design. They enlighten, they illuminate, they endear. They even follow the old epistolary ritual of signing off (not yours ever, but some venerable variant: yours . . . cheers . . . all best . . . xo). . . .[T]hese messages would probably never have come my way if the senders had been obl iged to take out pen and paper. Indeed, it is the very facility of electronic communication that makes the Luddite soul tremble. . . .Even in the age of tweets and pokes and blasts, the impulse to bring order to our thoughts and lives persists, and at the risk of sounding like a technojingoist, one might argue that technology facilitates this impulse as much as it impedes it.​(Louis Bayard, Personal Compositions. The Wilson Quarterly, Winter 2010)

Battle of Kwajalein in World War II

Battle of Kwajalein in World War II The Battle of Kwajalein occurred January 31 to February 3, 1944 in the Pacific Theater of World War II (1939-1945). Moving forward from victories in the Solomons and Gilbert Islands in 1943, Allied forces sought to penetrate the next ring of Japanese defenses in the central Pacific. Attacking into the Marshall Islands, the Allies occupied Majuro and then commenced operations against Kwajalein. Striking at both ends of the atoll, they succeeded in eliminating the Japanese opposition after brief but fierce battles. The triumph opened the way for the subsequent capture of Eniwetok and a campaign against the Marianas.   Background In the wake of the American victories at Tarawa and Makin in November 1943, Allied forces continued their island-hopping campaign by moving against Japanese positions in Marshall Islands. Part of the Eastern Mandates, the Marshalls were originally a German possession and were awarded to Japan after World War I. Considered part of the outer ring of Japanese territory, planners in Tokyo decided after the loss of the Solomons and New Guinea that the islands were expendable. With this in mind, what troops were available were shifted to the area to make the islands capture as costly as possible. Japanese Preparations Led by Rear Admiral Monzo Akiyama, Japanese forces in the Marshalls consisted of the 6th Base Force which initially numbered approximately 8,100 men and 110 aircraft. While a sizable force, Akiyamas strength was diluted by the need to spread his command over the entirety of the Marshalls. In addition, many of Akiyamas troops were labor/construction details or naval forces with little ground combat training. As a result, Akiyama could only muster around 4,000 effectives. Believing the assault would strike one of the outlying islands first, he positioned the bulk of his men on Jaluit, Mili, Maloelap, and Wotje. In November 1943, American airstrikes began whittling down Akiyamas air power, destroying 71 aircraft. These were partially replaced over the next several weeks by reinforcements flown in from Truk. On the Allied side, Admiral Chester Nimitz originally planned a series of assaults on the outer islands of the Marshalls, but upon learning of Japanese troop dispositions through ULTRA radio intercepts altered his approach. Rather than strike where Akiyamas defenses were strongest, Nimitz directed his forces to move against Kwajalein Atoll in the central Marshalls. Armies Commanders Allies Rear Admiral Richmond K. TurnerMajor General Holland M. Smithapprox. 42,000 men (2 divisions) Japanese Rear Admiral Monzo Akiyamaapprox. 8,100 men Allied Plans Designated Operation Flintlock, the Allied plan called for Rear Admiral Richmond K. Turners 5th Amphibious Force to deliver Major General Holland M. Smiths V Amphibious Corps to the atoll where Major General Harry Schmidts 4th Marine Division would assault the linked islands of Roi-Namur while Major General Charles Corletts 7th Infantry Division attacked Kwajalein Island. To prepare for the operation, Allied aircraft repeatedly struck Japanese airbases in the Marshalls through December. This saw B-24 Liberators stage through Baker Island to bomb a variety of strategic targets including the airfield on Mili. Subsequent strikes saw A-24 Banshees and B-25 Mitchells mount several raids across the Marshalls. Moving into position, US carriers began a concerted air offensive against Kwajalein on January 29, 1944. Two days later, US troops captured the small island of Majuro, 220 miles to the southeast, without a fight. This operation was conducted by the V Amphibious Corps Marine Reconnaissance Company and 2nd Battalion, 106th Infantry.    Coming Ashore That same day, members of the 7th Infantry Division landed on small islands, dubbed Carlos, Carter, Cecil, and Carlson, near Kwajalein to establish artillery positions for the assault on the island. The next day, the artillery, with additional fire from US warships, including USS Tennessee (BB-43), opened fire on Kwajalein Island. Pummeling the island, the bombardment allowed the 7th Infantry to land and easily overcome the Japanese resistance. The attack was also aided by the weak nature of the Japanese defenses which could not be built in depth due to the islands narrowness.   Fighting continued for four day with the Japanese mounting nightly counterattacks. On February 3, Kwajalein Island was declared secure. Roi-Namur At the north end of the atoll, elements of the 4th Marines followed a similar strategy and established fire bases on islands dubbed Ivan, Jacob, Albert, Allen, and Abraham. Attacking Roi-Namur on February 1, they succeeded in securing the airfield on Roi that day and eliminated Japanese resistance on Namur the next day. The largest single loss of life in the battle occurred when a Marine threw a satchel charge into a bunker containing torpedo warheads. The resulting blast killed 20 Marines and wounded several others. Aftermath The victory at Kwajalein broke a hole through the Japanese outer defenses and was a key step in the Allies island-hopping campaign. Allied losses in the battle numbered 372 killed and 1,592 wounded. Japanese casualties are estimated at 7,870 killed/wounded and 105 captured. In assessing the outcome at Kwajalein, Allied planners were pleased to find that the tactical changes made after the bloody assault on Tarawa had bore fruit and plans were made to attack Eniwetok Atoll on February 17. For the Japanese, the battle demonstrated that beachline defenses were too vulnerable to attack and that defense in-depth was necessary if they hoped to stop Allied assaults.